Aeizh Azmi

  چكيدهكشور عراق و شهرستان دياله با خشكسالي هاي متعددي روبرو است. كاهش باران، احداث سدهاي متعدد بر روي رودخانه هاي ورودي به كشور عراق و افزايش استخراج آب هاي زيرزميني از جمله عواملي هستند كه خشكسالي را تشديد كرده اند. با اين همه اتخاذ راهكارهايي كه بتواند اثرات خشكسالي در عراق را كاهش دهند از اهميت زيادي برخوردار هستند. لذا اين تحقيق با هدف عوامل موثر بر كاهش خسارات ناشي از خشكسالي در نواحي روستايي، مطالعه موردي شهرستان ديالي، بعقوبه تدين شده است. جامعه آماري مشتمل بر افراد و اهالي روستاهاي بخش بعقوبه شهرستان ديالي است. نمونه با استفاده از فرمول كوكران برابر با 383 نفر از سرپرستان خانوار تعيين شده است. پايايي تحقيق با استفاده از فرمول آلفاي كرونباخ برابر با ميانگين 73/0 بوده است. يافت ها نشان مي دهند كه دولت نقش كمرنگي در مديريت خشكسالي دارد و سازمان هاي بين المللي در سطح محدودي فعاليت مي كنند. بيشتر اقدامات توسيط خود اهالي صورت مي گيرد. اهالي تمايل زيادي به كمك به يكديگر در مواقع بحران خشكسالي دارند و به همديگر وام و قرض مي دهند؛ همچنين تعاوني هاي محلي و موسسات قرض الحسنه خرد بين اهالي رواج دارد كه به يكديگر وام مي دهند. افزايش قيمت هاي محصولات فاقيمانده از خشكسالي نيز يكي از راه هايي است كه اهالي براي مقابله با خشكسالي انجام مي دهند. در كنار اين موارد آموزش روستاييان سبب شده تا به تدريج گياهان مقاوم به خشكسالي گسترش يابند. همچنين استفاده از تكنيك هاي آبياري همچون آبياري قطره اي و باراني رو به گسترش است. گسترش چاه ها و استفاده از تكنولوزي هاي پيشرفته استخراج آب از منابع آب زيرزميني رو به گسترش است. يافته هاي استخراج شده از تحليل عاملي نشان مي دهند كه 5 مولفه جبران خسارت، نهادها و سازمان ها، آموزش و ترويج، بازسازي زيرساخت ها، همدلي و سياست گذاري نقش مهمي در مقابله با خشكسالي داشته اند. در انتها يافته ها ناشي از SWOT نشان مي دهند كه افزايش حضور دولت و سرمايه گذاري در امور زير بنايي و نهاده ها در كنار محدوديت كشت براي محصولات پرآب و توافقات بين المللي با ايران و تركيه مي تواند بخش قابل توجهي از مشكلات موجود ناشي از خشكسالي را كاهش دهد.

  Technologies contribute to providing a better

   This study investigates the spatiotemporal pattern of land subsidence in the Razavar, Mahidasht, and Ravansar plains of Kermanshah Province using Sentinel-1 SAR data and the InSAR technique from 2022 to 2024. The results indicate the highest subsidence rate in the Mahidasht Plain (~40 mm/year), with subsidence strongly correlated with groundwater level decline, fine-grained sediments, and high well density. Excessive groundwater extraction is identified as the main driver of subsidence in the study area.

  Abstract The complex and multifaceted nature of teaching brings with itself the need for teachers to constantly broaden their knowledge and skills. The significance of this study lies in that it investigated how teacher professional development (TPD) was navigated by Iranian EFL teachers. In doing so, a cultural-historical activity theory (AT) lens was borrowed to i  ect teacher learning in more details. In particular, this study followed two aims. First, it served as an attempt to discover which TPD strategies Iranian EFL teachers considered as effective and why they perceived them as impactful. Second, the present study aimed to identify any significant difference between school/institute and experienced/novice teachers in their perception of effective TPD. To this end, data were collected from 128 Iranian EFL teachers using narrative frames and semi-structured interviews, and were analyzed through content analysis and Fisher’s exact test. The results of content analysis showed that engaging in self-study, interacting and cooperating with peers, attending courses and educational events, and using technology were best favored by Iranian EFL teachers. The results further demonstrated that Iranian teachers prioritized a TPD approach over other ones because it was practical, responsive to students’ needs and likes, in line with their own needs and likes, provided them with up-to-date knowledge and information, and gave them the opportunity to collaborate with their colleagues. What’s more, the results of the Fisher’s exact test revealed that workplace and teaching experience did not make a significant difference in Iranian EFL TPD. Attributing Iranian TPD approaches to the components of AT represented that Iranian EFL teachers oriented more toward using tools in their professional learning, and that cultural and historical backgrounds determined the way teachers pursued their professional growth. The study has implications for policy makers and school/institute principles as they need to reconsider teaching and learning policies. Keywords: Activity Theory (AT), Iranian EFL Teachers, Teacher professional development (TPD), Teaching context, Teaching experience, TPD approaches

   مقدمه: روايت، همواره بر پاي? چارچوب خاصي به اشكال قصه، اسطوره و افسانه شكل مي‌گيرد. شناسايي هركدام از اين گونه‌ها نيازمند معرفي عناصر موجود در يك روايت است. داراب‌نام? طرسوسي به دليل اينكه ريشه در كنش و باور مردماني پيش از تاريخ دارد، روايتي اساطيري قلمداد مي‌شود. اما بررسي دقيق‌تر اين اثر نيازمند تحليل مضامين و عناصر موجود در آن است. بيان مسئله: با وجود اينكه داراب‌نامه طرسوسي يك روايت اساطيري محسوب مي‌شود؛ اما آبشخورها و ريشه‌هاي شكل‌گيري عناصر و شخصيت‌هاي اين روايت كمتر مورد تحليل قرار گرفته است. مشخص نيست كه تا چه اندازه اين عناصر داراي خاستگاه ايراني و غيرايراني هستند و چگونه اين تركيب در هر دو جلد كتاب نمود پيدا كرده است؛ لذا مسئل? اصلي اين پايان‌نامه، بررسي مضامين و عناصر اسطوره‌اي- حماسي در داراب‌نامه طرسوسي و تحليل ريشه‌هاي ايراني و غيرايراني اين عناصر است.   هدف: هدف اصلي اين پژوهش، بررسي مضمون‌سازي با عناصر اسطوره‌اي- حماسي در داراب‌نامه طرسوسي است. اين مطالعه تلاش دارد تا ريشه‌هاي تاريخي- فرهنگي و باورهاي مختلف موجود در اين روايت را شناسايي و تحليل كند. روش: اين پژوهش به روش توصيفي-تحليلي انجام شده است. ابتدا به شناسايي و معرفي بن‌مايه‌ها و عناصر اسطوره‌اي و حماسي در هر دو جلد داراب‌نامه پرداخته و سپس به تحليل ريشه‌ها و منابع ايراني و غيرايراني اين عناصر پرداخته مي‌شود. نتيجه‌گيري: اين پژوهش، به‌ويژه تأكيد شد كه داراب‌نامه طرسوسي نه تنها از مضامين اسطوره‌اي ايراني، بلكه از ويژگي‌هاي اسطوره‌اي ساير فرهنگ‌ها نيز بهره برده است. در اين اثر، عناصري چون موجودات افسانه‌اي، اژدهاها، درخت‌هاي جادويي، جزاير عجيب و غريب و ويژگي‌هاي خارق‌العاده در كاراكترهاي مختلف، نشانه‌هايي از تأثيرات اساطير سامي و اسلامي را نيز به‌وضوح مي‌توان مشاهده كرد. اين استفاده از مضامين مختلف فرهنگي نشان‌دهند? نوعي تعامل و آميختگي ميان ميراث‌هاي اسطوره‌اي است كه با ورود به فضاي داستاني طرسوسي، پيچيدگي‌هاي معنايي بيشتري پيدا كرده‌اند. در اين ميان، ويژگي مهم ديگري كه در تحليل بن‌مايه‌هاي اساطيري داراب‌نامه به چشم مي‌خورد، تأكيد بر تضادهاي بنيادين ميان خير و شر و نبردهاي حماسي است كه قهرمانان اسطوره‌اي در آن‌ها حضور دارند. داراب، همانند بسياري از قهرمانان اسطوره‌اي ديگر، از قدرت‌هاي فوق‌طبيعي بهره مي‌برد تا با نيروهاي شر و اهريمني مقابله كند. اين بن‌مايه نه تنها در اساطير ايراني بلكه در بسياري از اساطير جهاني ديده مي‌شود و به‌ويژه در اسطوره‌هاي اسلامي نيز به‌عنوان الگويي براي نمايش پيروزي حقيقت و عدالت بر ظلم و فساد مشاهده مي‌شود.       كليدواژگان:

هدف: هدف اصلي اين پژوهش، بررسي تأثيرات تعاملات فرهنگي در رمان سنگ صبور اثر صادق چوبك است. پژوهش قصد دارد نشان دهد كه چگونه شخصيت‌هاي رمان تحت تأثير دنياي رئاليست و ناتوراليست قرار گرفته و در مواجهه با فرهنگ‌هاي نوين، فرهنگ دروني خود را حفظ يا تغيير مي‌دهند. روش‌شناسي: روش پژوهش مبتني بر نشانه‌شناسي فرهنگي (Cultural Semiotics) است. اين روش بر پايه نظريات مكتب تارتو شكل گرفته كه فرهنگ را به عنوان يك نظام علامتي در نظر مي‌گيرد. در اين پژوهش از تحليل محتواي كيفي براي بررسي نشانه‌هاي فرهنگي، پادفرهنگي و ضدفرهنگي در متن استفاده شده است.   يافته‌ها: شخصيت‌هاي رمان در مواجهه با مولفه‌هاي پادفرهنگي (عناصري كه فرهنگ غالب را به چالش مي‌كشند) و ضدفرهنگي (عناصري كه در تضاد با فرهنگ غالب هستند) قرار دارند. با وجود اين مواجهه‌ها، شخصيت‌ها تا حد زيادي موفق به حفظ فرهنگ دروني خود مي‌شوند.برخي از شخصيت‌ها فرهنگ غالب را به ضدفرهنگ تبديل كرده و آن را به نوعي مقاومت در برابر فرهنگ‌هاي نوين بدل مي‌سازند.عناصر زمان و مكان و بيداري ضمير ناخودآگاه نقش مهمي در تعامل شخصيت‌ها با فرهنگ‌هاي جديد دارند.   نتيجه‌گيري: نتايج پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه فرهنگ نهادينه‌شده در شخصيت‌هاي رمان سنگ صبور به رغم مواجهه با فرهنگ‌هاي نوين، تأثير قوي‌تري دارد و به عنوان يك نيروي مقاومت در برابر پادفرهنگ‌ها عمل مي‌كند. اين رمان تصويري از تقابل سنت و مدرنيته ارائه مي‌دهد و بر پويايي‌هاي فرهنگي در جامعه ايراني تأكيد دارد. اين پژوهش با استفاده از نشانه‌شناسي فرهنگي، نشان مي‌دهد كه چگونه هويت فرهنگي افراد در مواجهه با تغييرات فرهنگي، بازتوليد يا دگرگون مي‌شود. همچنين نقش ضمير ناخودآگاه و عوامل زماني و مكاني در اين فرآيند برجسته است.    كليد واژه‌ها: نشانه‌شناسي فرهنگي، لوتمان، سنگ صبور. صادق چوبك.   

   مطالعه كمّي و كيفي   پيش رو تاثير سه متغيّر كليدي اعم از خودِ آرماني زبان دوم، اضطراب زبان دوم و ميزان مشاركت در يادگيري زبان دوم را بر ميزان تمايل به برقراري ارتباط در زبان دوم را در ميان دانشجويان ايرانيِ زبان انگليسي بررسي كرد.با توجه به افزايش تمايل و تقاضاي   افراد براي يادگيري زبان انگليسي در   كشور ايران درك عوامل موثر بر يادگيري زبان امري ضروري است . برقراري ارتباط در زبان دوم از جمله عوامل مهم تاثيرگذار بر يادگيري زبان ميباشد( مك اينتاير و همكاران ، 1998)    از اين رو شناسايي و درك عوامل موثر بر برقراري ارتباط از اهميت ويژه اي برخوردار است. مطالعه حاضر سعي داشت با بررسي سه عامل مهم بعنوان پيش بيني كننده هاي برقراري ارتباط ميان دانشجويان به دركي جديد از عوامل تقويت كننده مانند خودِ ايده آل زبان دوم ومشاركت در يادگيري   و همچنين   عوامل بازدارنده مانند اضطراب ، برسد. با توجه به افزايش چشمگير علاقه به يادگيري زبان انگليسي در ايران، شناخت دقيق عواملي كه بر موفقيت دانشجويان در برقراري ارتباط به زبان انگليسي تأثيرگذارند، از اهميت ويژه‌اي برخوردار است. اين پژوهش با هدف بررسي رابطه ميان عوامل مختلفي چون خودانگاره زبان‌آموزي ايده‌آل، مشاركت فعال در فرايند يادگيري و اضطراب زبان خارجي با تمايل به برقراري ارتباط در زبان انگليسي، در ميان دانشجويان ايراني طراحي و اجرا شده است. در اين مطالعه، از يك مدل مفهومي استفاده شده است كه در آن، تمايل به برقراري ارتباط به عنوان نتيجه‌اي از تعامل بين سه عامل اصلي خودانگاره زبان‌آموزي ايده‌آل، مشاركت فعال در فرايند يادگيري و اضطراب زبان خارجي در نظر گرفته شده است. براي بررسي اين مدل، داده‌هاي كمي از طريق پرسشنامه و داده‌هاي كيفي از طريق مصاحبه با دانشجويان جمع‌آوري شده است. يافته‌هاي اين پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه ميان متغيير خود ارماني زبان دوم و ميزان تمايل بر برقراري ارتباط در زبان دوم رابطه ايي مستقيم و مثبت وجود دارد. يافته هاي بيشتر حاكي از ان است كه ميان ميزان مشاركت دانش اموزان ايراني در يادگيري و ميزان تمايل ان ها در برقراري ارتباط در زبان دوم همچنان رابطه ايي مستقيم وجود دارد بدان معنا كه هرچقدر ميزان مشاركت دانش اموزان در فرايند يادگيري زبان دوم بيشتر باشد تمايل ان ها نيز براي برقراري ارتباط در زبان دوم نيز افزايش پيدا ميكند . عامل منفي اضطراب زبان دوم رابطه ايي منفي با ميزان تمايل دانش اموز ها در برقراري اربتباط در زبان دوم دارد بطوريكه با افزايش ميزان اضطراب زبان دوم ميزان تمايل ان ها در برقراري ارتباط در زبان دوم نيز بطور چشم گيري كاهش پيدا ميكند.. در نهايت، نتايج اين پژوهش مي‌تواند به معلمان زبان انگليسي كمك كند تا با شناخت دقيق‌تر عوامل مؤثر بر تمايل دانش‌آموزان به برقراري ارتباط، استراتژي‌هاي آموزشي مؤثرتري را طراحي و اجرا نمايند. با ايجاد محيط‌هاي يادگيري حمايتي و انگيزه‌بخش، تقويت اعتماد به نفس دانش‌آموزان و كاهش اضطراب آن‌ها در ارتباطات زباني، مي‌توان به بهبود كيفيت يادگيري زبان انگليسي در ايران كمك شاياني كرد. كلمات كليدي: خود ارماني زبان دوم ، تمايل به برقراري ارتباط در زبان دوم، مشاركت دانش اموز، اضطراب زبان دوم   انگليسي به عنوان زبان خارجي، آموزش زبان انگليسي، دانشجويان آموزش زبان انگليسي         

  Using a mixed-methods approach, this study

   The rapid revolutionary advances of computer technologies have led to some major shifts in public education in general and foreign language learning in particular. Integrating technology in the EFL ), high enjoyed control group (HECG, N=16), low enjoyed experimental group (LEAG, N=14), and low enjoyed control (LECG, N=15) group. To collect the required data, three measurement instruments including Oxford Placement Test (OPT), vocabulary achievement test, as well as a Foreign Language Enjoyment Scale were employed. To answer the research questions, independent-sample t-test analysis was run. The obtained results showed that mobile–assisted mind mapping had a significant effect on both low and high enjoyed EFL learners’ vocabulary knowledge. The findings indicated that the high enjoyed   EFL learners who received pleasure reading had significantly much higher performance in vocabulary knowledge compared to the low enjoyed EFL learners’ who   received the same treatment. The findings might be conducive to Iranian language learners, giving them some fruitful insights on the possible alternative ways to learn vocabularies. They would be of significance to language teachers to gain better understanding of the alternative vocabulary teaching's techniques which may facilitate long-term retention and production of lexical items in the minds of the learners.    Key terms: Mobil-assisted Language Learning, Mind-mapping, Vocabulary Learning, EFL Learners, E-learning Enjoyment

  The issue of space has always been a concern for both scholars and philosophers. In this respect, Deleuze, in his collaborative book with Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus, delves into this issue, attempting to persuade the contemporary thinkers to rethink old concepts through new lenses and perspectives. Accordingly, in relation to space, they introduce the concepts of “smooth” and “striated” space. Their book, being rhizomatic and interconnected, makes these concepts closely related to one another, as smooth space is depicted as the space of nomadism and rhizome, where nomads traverse and live. Their ideas have captured the interest of a number of contemporary theorists, including Rosi Braidotti, who expands the Deleuzoguattarian nomad into the “nomadic subject” in her studies. This thesis attempts to weave these concepts together, linking them to survival in a post-apocalyptic environment. In view of this, Paul Auster’s In the Country of Last Things, with its post-apocalyptic cityscape, provides a groundwork for applying the Deleuzoguattarian concept of “nomadism.” Such an application seeks to investigate the interconnected relationship between space and identity. To achieve this, a meticulous analysis of the character dynamics and the portrayal of the unstable urban landscape as smooth space is conducted to demonstrate how subjectivity and environment influence one another and how a nomadic subject can secure his/her survival amidst disarray and chaos. This interdisciplinary study creates an opportunity to enrich the use of philosophical concepts in literary interpretation, along with offering readers the chance to think and act nomadically in this ever-changing space we live in.

  The province of Kermanshah has been subjected to various hazards, with flooding being one of the most significant. Floods have affected the livelihoods of many rural households. Therefore, studying flood management methods is of great importance. Several approaches exist for flood management, with modern management approaches being highly significant. This research aims to examine the factors promoting and hindering the implementation of modern flood risk management approaches in rural areas, particularly in the villages of the Qarasu River basin. The research method is quantitative, descriptive-analytical, using a questionnaire as the tool. The statistical population consists of the inhabitants of the villages in the area. A total of 17 villages with 128 participants are included in the study. Systematic random sampling is used in the villages. The selection criteria for the villages are based on their vulnerability to the 2019 flood. This study seeks to leverage the experiences of the villagers in the Qarasu River basin, who have been affected by floods, to identify the factors influencing flood management in order to minimize damages. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used for reliability, and expert opinions are used for validity. Finally, using    software and conducting tests for means, correlation, regression, and factor analysis, the results are extracted, and proposed solutions are presented. Regression results indicate that modern management has a higher share of support among rural people compared to traditional management. Thus, the people have more trust in modern management than in traditional management. Factor analysis results show that economic factors, marketing and product evaluation, flood prevention and forecasting, and consultation and training have influenced flood management. Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis test results show significant differences in economic, social, cultural, and planning management factors among the villages studied. Furthermore, villagers' perspectives on traditional and modern management differ significantly across the villages. Ultimately, it was concluded that flood management is influenced by social, economic, cultural, planning, and economic factors.

   هاي تخريب جنگل ها با هدف ايجاد زغال چون از جمله نگراني هاي مسئولات محيط زيست غرب كشور است. شناسايي تاثيرات و علل اين فعاليت ها ازاهميت زيادي برخوردار است. لذا هدف اين تحقيق بررسي آسيب هاي ناشي از تخريب جنگل هاي بلوط با هدف توليد زغال به چوب در زاگرس در شهرستان سرفيروزآباد استان كرمانشاه است. روش تحقيق پژوهش حاضر با توجه به ماهيت موضوع، كاربردي و توسعه‌اي؛ به لحاظ‌گستره، موردي؛ و از لحاظ روش در زمره‌ي پژوهش‌هاي توصيفي- تحليلي است. در اين پژوهش، جامعه آماري شامل روستاييان شهرستان شهرستان سرفيروز آباد است.از خانوارهاي روستايي به عنوان جامعه‌ آماري استفاده مي‌شود. با توجه به اين‌كه تعداد كل جامعه‌ي آماري، 500 روستا مي‌باشد با استفاده از فرمول كوكران در نهايت تعداد خانوار نمونه 220 نفرانتخاب شدند. روش نمونه گيري تصادفي سيستماتيك است. يافته هاي تحقيق نشان مي دهند كه در بحث اقتصادي فقر، نبود شغل جايگزين، بيكاري و كمي درآمد منجر به گرايش به استفاده از جنگل ها براي توليد زغال چوب شده است. از نظر اجتماعي و فرهنگي بي توجهي مسئولان نسبت به اين مساله، عدم شناخت قانون و عادت به توليد زغال در طي نسل هاي مختلف سبب شده تا توليد زغال ادامه يابد. از نظر زيست محيط شيوع بيماري هاي ريوي، نابودي جنگل ها، الودگي هوا و آلودگي خاك آب از نتابج آن است. نتايج تحليل عاملي نشان مي دهند كه كمبود زيرساخت هاي رفاهي و توسعه، نابودي جنگل ها، كمبود شغل، عوامل بهداشتي و قانوني از علل تخريب جنگل ها و گرايش به توليد زغال هستند و يافته هاي رگسيون نشان مي دهند كه از بين عوامل اثرگذار در بين متغير ها ،متغير كمي درآمد مهم ترين عامل انگيزه توليد زغال در ميان روستاييان است   بعد از آن عامل كم بودن هزينه توليد و در آخر عادت به توليد زغال   قراردارد. در نهايت با توجه به فعاليت بالاي زنان در امر توليد زغال آنان معتقدند كه زنان فعال در توليد زغال، معتقدند كه انگيزه اصلي تمايل به توليد زغال كاهش توليدات كشاورزي است و بيشتر آنان بيان مي كنند كه از روي اجبار به امر توليد زغال پرداخته اند. كلمات كليدي: زغال چوب، بيكاري، كمي درآمد، انگيزه زنان، شهرستان سرفيروز آباد كرمانشاه                  

      One of the primary issues of the 21st century is the use of technological tools in all aspects of life. However, Machine translation, as one of these tools, has not been fully taken seriously in educational environments. By comparing MT systems to handheld calculators, it becomes evident that MT has yet to be fully embraced in language dir="LTR" >   Keywords: EFL Student, Google Translate, Machine Translation, Post Editing, Translation Output

   غار قوري قلعه يكي از جاذبه هاي طبيعي‌كمياب و منحصر به فرد گردشگري است .اين غار توريست پذير سالانه تعداد زيادي‌گردشكر ازآن ديدن مي‌كنند، جداي ازاثرات   مثبت‌گردشگري در منطقه اثرات منفي حضور بازديدكنندگان در منطقه قابل بحث و مشهود است.ما دراين پژوهش با دسته بندي عوامل تخريب‌كننده غار قوري قلعه به دو بخش عوامل تخريب‌كننده طبيعي غار و عوامل تخريب‌كننده انساني به مطالعه و بررسي پرداخته‌ايم. بررسي عوامل طبيعي مخرب شامل‌كارست،گسل، زمين لرزه، فرونشست. در بررسي تاثير‌كارست در تخريب غار قوري قلعه با بهره بردن از روش كتابخانه اي و استفاده از پژوهش ها ومطالعات صورت گرفته در غار قوري قلعه توسط دو روش ژئو فيزيكي شامل الكترومغناطيس بابسامد بسيار پايين (VLF) و توموگرافي مقاومت ويژه الكتريكي(ERT) به دليل جنس زمين شناسي و‌كارستي بودن منطقه احتمال وجود دهليزها و گستردگي حفرههاي   زيرزميني ناشناخته در منطقه وجود دارد بنابراين‌كارست ميتواند يك خطر بالقوه براي غار باشد و آن را تخريب كند. يكي ديگر از‌عوامل تاثير‌گذار درتخريب طبيعي غار در منطقه ميتواند وجود گسل ها باشند كه با استفاده ازمطالعات ميداني و نرم افزار GIS نقشه هاي زمين شناسي گسل‌هاي منطقه مورد مطالعه شناسايي و تهيه گرديده شدعلاوه براينكه خود غارقوري قلعه در ميان دو‌گسل قرار‌گرفته است‌گسل اصلي بزرگ زاگرس نيز در غرب كشورقرار دارد‌كه مي‌توان اين منطقه را تحت تاثير خود قراردهد بنابراين‌گسل به عنوان خطري بالقوه جهت تخريب طبيعي غار و محدوده   اطراف آن تلقي مي‌گردد و منطقه را تهديد مي‌كنند. از عوامل ديگري كه بعنوان تخريب طبيعي غار قوري قلعه بررسي شده است وجود زمين لرزه ها در منطقه است‌كه با بهره‌گرفتن ازروش مطالعات ميداني و بررسي نقشه پراكندگي زمين لرزه هاي رخ داده، به بررسي اين عامل پرداخته ايم كه با توجه به قرار گيري منطقه در زون زاگرس شكسته وتراكم گسل ها ولرز خيزي سيستم گسلي ، منطقه بطور بالفعل و بالقوه در معرض خطر است. جهت بررسي عامل فرونشست در منطقه مورده مطالعه با بكار گيري روش هاي ژئو فيزيكي ،تكنيك تداخل سنجي و تصاوير ماهواره ي سنتينل-1 طي بازده زماني 2016تا 2022، كل منطقه مورده مطالعه داراي فرونشستگي هست اما بيشترين ميزان فرونشست در جهت شمال غربي غار به ميزان -0.26تا-0.34است عامل فرونشست يك عوامل حساس در تخريب غار محسوب ميشود و غار و اطراف آن را بطورجدي تهديد ميكند.جهت ارزيابي مخاطرات حاصل از حضور گردشگران و عوامل انساني موثر درتخريب غار و محدوده آن ،موارد همچون تاثير گردشگران در انحلال داخل غار، آزمايشات و بررسي‌هاي آلودگي آب غار قوري قلعه و تاثير گردشگران درفرهنگ بومي منطقه و تخريب داخل و خارج غار قوري قلعه مورده مطالعه قرار‌گرفته‌است. بررسي ميزان تاثير‌گردشگران درانحلال داخل‌غار با استفاده از مطالعات ميداني وكتابخانه‌اي و با بهره‌گيري از پژوهش ها ومطالعات صورت‌گرفته شده ميزان انحلال اشكال ثانويه درون غارهاي كارستي به واسطه حضور گردشگران سالانه 77درصد مي‌باشد بنابراين دم وبازدم ناشي از حضور‌گردشگران تاثيرجدي در انحلال و تخريب اشكال غار قوري قلعه دارد. با استفاده از روش آزمايشي و مطالعات كتابخانه اي، آلودگي آب غار قوري قلعه بررسي‌گرديده است براساس داده‌هاي يافته‌شده از‌آزمايشات آلودگي شميايي ميزان آلودگي در فصل بازديد گردشگران افزايش يافته است وبا استناد به نتايج آزمايش ميكروبي انجام شده آب به ‌واسطه حضورگردشگران در بخش انتهايي غار آلودگي بيشتري وجود داشته است.بااستفاده از روش پرسشنامه اي و با استناد به پاسخ هاي پرسشنامه توسط ساكنين منطقه غار قوري تاثير‌گردشگران درفرهنگ بومي منطقه و تخريب داخل و خارج غار قوري قلعه بررسي نموده‌ايم‌كه براساس يافته‌هاي آن تاثير‌گردشگران در تغيير‌آداب و رسوم منطقه‌كم بوده وهمچنين تاثير گردشگران در تغيير شيوه زيست و زبان مردم منطقه متوسط وكم بوده‌است اما حضور‌گردشگران درتخريب غارقوري قلعه وآثارفرهنگي آن زياد بوده است. با بهره‌گيري ازنتايج يافته ها اين پژوهش مناطق مستعد خطر و مخاطرات تهديدكننده غارقوري قلعه شناسي شده تا جهت حفظ ومديريت مخاطرات دراين اثرطبيعي   فوق العاده و توسعه صنعت گردشگري در منطقه گامي مثبت وكابردي برداشت   شود. كليد واژگان‌: ارزيابي مخاطرات ،گردشگري،كارست ،آلوده گي ميكروبي ،غار قوري قلعه.

  

   فرونشست پديده­اي مورفولوژيك است كه در صورت تأثير در يك منطقه مي­تواند باعث ايجاد خسارات فراواني به راه­هاي ارتباطي جاده اي و ريلي، آسيب به ساختمان ها، پل ها و تونل ها و آسيب به زمين هاي كشاورزي)كاهش تخلخل و ايجاد تراكم)، شود. اين پديده در اثر عوامل مختلفي از قبيل: تكتونيك، برداشت از ذخاير زيرزميني، انجام برخي از فعاليت هاي عمراني مانند حفر تونل و انحلال سنگ بستر به وجود مي آيد. فرونشست به خودي خود يك مخاطره مهم است و همزماني آن با مخاطرات ديگر از قبيل زلزله و سيل يك حادثه نچندان مخرب را تبديل به يك فاجعه مي كند. يكي از مناسب ترين روش­هاي شناسايي پديده فرونشست استفاده از تكنيك تداخل سنجي راداري است. امروزه تداخل­سنجي راداري، به عنوان تكنيكي كه جابجايي سطح زمين را با دقت و قدرت تفكيك بالا برآورد مي­كند شناخته شده است. اين تكنيك ابزار متداولي براي بررسي تغيير شكل سطحي زمين در اثر عوامل مختلف، از جمله فرونشست زمين مي­باشد. در مطالعه حاضر ارزيابي مخاطرات فرونشست ناشي از برداشت بي­رويه آب­زيرزميني درحوضه ماهيدشت با استفاده از تكنيك تداخل­سنجي راداري (insar)، همچنين داده­هاي پيزومتري سطح چاه­هاي دشت ماهيدشت بكار گرفته شد. بدين منظور تصاوير راداري سنتنيل 1 و داده­هاي پيزومتري چاه­هاي منطقه مورد مطالعه در سال­هاي 1396 تا 1401 مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. با توجه به نتايج داده­هاي پيزومتري بالاترين سطح آب در سطح دشت درسال 1396 بين 42-59 متر و در سال 1401 بيشترين افت سطح آب به ميزان 65-45 متر اتفاق افتاده است. درواقع دربازه زماني 6 ساله تقريبا بيش از5 متر سطح آب هاي زيرزمين كاهش يافته است. درهمين بازه كمترين افت در سال 1396 به ميزان 8-19/0 متر و درسال 1401 كمترين افت به ميزان 10-82/0 دربرخي مناطق دشت رخ داده است باتوجه به نتايج داده­هاي پيزومتري درسال1401 سطح اب در بالاترين سطح بين 45-65 متر درسال قرار گرفته است كه همين مقدار بيشترين ميزان افت سطح اب را نشان ميدهد وكمترين حد متوسط اب نيز در بخش هاي   شمال غربي و جنوب غربي با مقدار 10-082/0 متر درسال رسيده است   يافته­هاي تحقيق نشان مي دهد دربيشتر سطح دشت ماهيدشت فرونشست طي بازه زماني2016 تا2022 به مقدار 14 سانتي متر اتفاق افتاده كه منطبق بر مكان هايي است كه داراي بيشترين افت سطح آب هاي زيرزميني مشاهده مي شود كه مهم ترين دليل آن به برداشت بي رويه آب در بخش كشاورزي اشاره نمود.    كليد واژگان: فرونشت، آب زيرزميني، تكنيك تداخل­سنجي راداري، پيزومتر، ماهيدشت

   در خصوص علت فرونشست زمين همواره نظريات مختلفي وجود دارد اما كارشناسان زمين‌شناسي درباره علل آن به موضوعاتي نظير برداشت بي رويه از آب‌هاي زيرزميني و ويژگي‌هاي مهندسي رسوبات و عوامل تكتونيكي اشاره دارند. عوامل متعددي باعث ايجاد فرونشست مي‌شوند كه مي‌توان به انحلال، تراكم نهشته‌ها، حركت آرام زمين و يا عمليات انساني نظير معدن كاري يا برداشت آب زيرزميني و نفت و گاز اشاره كرد. با توجه به‌ضرورت بررسي اين مسئله لزوم شناخت صحيح از نحوه عملكرد، عوامل مؤثر بر آن و مدت‌زمان آن به‌منظور جلوگيري و كنترل اين پديده مخرب از اهميت بسزايي برخوردار است. اندازه‌گيري ميزان فرونشست با استفاده از روش تداخل سنجي راداري توانايي خود را در پايش تغييرات سطح زمين نشان داده است، به‌طوري‌كه با استفاده از اين فناوري، امكان پايش حركات كوچك سطح زمين به‌صورت پيوسته، با دقت بالا و در گستره وسيع امكان‌پذير است. در اين مطالعه، روش تداخل سنجي راداري با استفاده از تصاوير sentinel1 و با تأكيد بر عوامل زمين‌شناختي و آب‌شناختي استفاده‌شده است. محدوده موردمطالعه دشت كرمانشاه و بازه زماني بررسي، 2015 الي 2022 مي‌باشد. نتايج به‌دست‌آمده ميزان فرونشست 1/1 الي 7/2 سانتي­متر در بازه زماني 7 ساله را در منطقه نشان مي‌دهد. توزيع فضايي نواحي فرونشست، حاكي از بيشينه رخداد فرونشست در نواحي شمال غرب دشت، مناطق نهر آبي و جان جان، مركز، ياوري و سفيد چقا، در شرق، دو چشمه و ولي‌آباد و جنوب شرق محدوده حصار سفيد و سه چك مي‌باشند. شمال غرب محدوه در منطقه نهر آبي و جان جان در محدوده زماني مطالعه شده ميزان افت سطح آب چاه‌ها به حداكثر خود يعني حدود 25 تا 45 متر رسيده است. همچنين با توجه به نقشه فرونشست منطقه (شكل 5-1) و بررسي‌هاي تصاوير سنتينل بيشترين فرونشست در همين محدوده شمال غرب اتفاق افتاده است. مقايسه ‌نتايج‌ به‌دست‌آمده ‌از ‌هر‌ دو ‌روش ‌بيانگر ‌اين‌ مطلب ‌است‌ كه‌ در ‌اين ‌منطقه ‌براثر‌ مصرف بي‌رويه آب‌هاي زيرزميني با افت سطح آب مواجه هستيم كه در طي سال‌هاي متوالي باعث بروز پديده فرونشست گرديده است. برگزاري دوره‌هاي آموزشي و افزايش آگاهي عمومي درباره خطرات و راهكارهاي مديريت فرونشست زمين، نظارت بر بهره‌برداري از چاه‌ها براي جلوگيري از بهره‌برداري‌هاي بيش‌ازحد مجاز مشخص‌شده، استفاده از روش‌هاي آبياري جديد، بازرسي حضوري از مناطق به‌منظور پلمپ كردن چاه‌هاي بدون مجوز حفاري و بهره‌برداري، بالا بردن راندمان آبياري و انتقال آب از طريق برنامه‌ريزي و به كار گرفتن نيروهاي كارشناس در زمينه مهندسي كشاورزي و آبياري، تعيين محدوده و نرخ فرونشست با توجه به كم‌هزينه بودن و دقت بالاي روش تداخل سنجي راداري كه مي‌توان به‌صورت مداوم از آن بهره برد، اجراي برنامه‌هاي پايدارسازي زمين، اعمال اقدامات مهندسي مانند ايجاد سازه‌هاي پشتيباني و تقويت زيرساخت‌ها به‌منظور كنترل و كاهش فرونشست زمين براي ساخت زيربناها اعم از جاده‌ها و خطوط انتقال نيرو، مي‌تواند از راه‌كارهاي عملي اين پروژه و تحقيقات بعدي و مشابه باشد. كليد واژگان: فرونشست، آب زيرزميني، تكنيك تداخل سنجي راداري، دشت كرمانشاه   

   شناسايي سطح‌كلي تاب آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي نسبت به خشكسالي به منظورحكمراني خوب روستاها از اهميت و جايگاه خاصي برخوردار است،چراكه با شناسايي و رتبه بندي تاب آوري فرامحلي روستاها،اتخاذاستراتژي هاي مديريتي متناسب براي كاهش آسيب هاي ناشي از خشكسالي ميسر مي گردد.هدف كلي اين تحقيق ارزيابي تاب آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي بخش شاهو شهرستان روانسر در مواجهه با خشكسالي است.تحقيق كمي حاضر به لحاظ ماهيت از نوع كاربردي و از لحاظ روش بررسي از نوع توصيفي-تحليلي است كه به دنبال اولويت بندي تاب آوري فرامحلي بخش شاهو شهرستان روانسر نسبت به خشكسالي با بهره گيري از تكنيك تاپسيس است و سه گام اساسي دارد.داده هاي جمع آوري شده با استفاده از نرم افزار  ، تحليل شدند جامعه اماري تحقيق شامل دو دهستان قوري قلعه و منصور آقايي كه داراي 9 روستا مي باشد با استفاده از فرمول كوكران حجم نمونه 285 نفر تعيين گرديد. براي امتيازدهي و سطح معناداري ابعاد و شاخص­ها از آزمون T تك نمونه­اي و براي ضريب همبستگي و ارتباط معناداري تاب آوري فرامحلي و خشكسالي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي از ضريب همبستگي اسپيرمن وكاي اسكوئر استفاده شده است .نتايج تحقيق نشان مي دهد كه در بين شاخص‌هاي تاب‌آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه‌هاي روستايي در برابر خشكسالي، بالاترين ميانگين نمرات شاخص‌ها مربوط به روستاي بزگوره مي­باشد و كمترين آن مربوط به روستاي قلعه‌گاه است. همچنين روستاهاي اين دهستان در سه سطح مطلوب، متوسط و نامطلوب رتبه­بندي شدند‌كه روستاي بزگوره شرايط مطلوب­تري نسبت به بقيه روستاها دارند و مابقيه چندان شرايط مساعدي ندارند. كليد واژه: تاب‌آوري فرامحلي،خشكسالي، سكونتگاه هاي روستايي، دهستان هاي قوري قلعه و منصورآقايي شهرستان روانسر

   Having a large number of bird species in all seasons of the year and in most regions, Iran has many capabilities to implement bird watching programs. Villages, as places that are far from the hustle and bustle of the city and close to the pristine nature, have the ability to accommodate and welcome tourists, can benefit from this enjoyable and growing branch of ecotourism. As a unique ecosystem with rich biodiversity, the wetland has many environmental, economic and social functions and values. Every year, a large number of migratory birds that come from different regions of Iran and the world visit Heshilan Wetland for resting and wintering. They choose to spend; This can attract people who are interested in bird watching and watching birds to the wetland and the villages on the edge of the wetland and cause the economic and cultural prosperity of these communities. In the meantime, Heshilan Lagoon as a site for attracting migratory birds has the conditions for the development of rural tourism in the surrounding villages. Therefore, the main goal of this research is the effect of migratory bird attraction areas on the development of rural tourism (case study: villages around the Heshilan lagoon). It is a quantitative, applied, descriptive, analytical research method that uses a questionnaire tool to collect information. The software used is   . The validity of the research was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (economic, 0.88, social and cultural, 0.84, physical, 0.83, tourism, 0.77) and validity was confirmed by experts in geography, environment and social sciences. The sample size of 256 households was 100 households. The sampling method was systematic random sampling. The findings show that bird watching and incoming tourists have had a positive effect on the economy, society and culture. Also, from an environmental point of view, with the government paying more attention to migratory birds, good environmental opportunities have been created, but pollution, waste, and a lot of garbage were collected in the place. Unfortunately, investment in tourism in the region is limited and the infrastructure is inadequate, which needs attention. The findings from Kruskal Wallis show that there is no significant difference between villages in terms of the impact of bird watching on tourism. Also, Spearman's correlation findings show that there is a significant relationship between bird watching and economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental components. Finally, the regression findings show that the effect on the village environment is the most important strength of bird watching. It is also in the second rank of job creation. In the third place, the reduction of migration has been introduced as the most important effect of bird watching Key words: Heshilan wetland, bird watching, ecotourism, rural tourism

Abstract Flood is one of the most common and damaging natural disasters, which causes a lot of human and material losses. The development of cellar aquaculture activity on the banks of the river can have a major role and impact on economic development. The salmon breeding and breeding farm in the lands of the Gamasab river in Gamasab village has been built by private sectors using the water flow of this source. Salmon farming in Hamedan province has attracted the attention of consumers and it can be safely said that it has a lot of demand even in big cities. Numerous floods in Nahavand city and Gamasiyab district have caused a lot of damage to the buildings and facilities of fish farming farms. Is. As a result of the floods of April 2018, the destruction of riverbeds and the high volume of sediment in the riverbeds have challenged the lives of these small creatures, and the damage caused to 80% of the fish farms that have been destroyed or damaged is hundreds of billions of Tomans. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the damage caused by flood on fish farmers and to provide solutions to reduce it in Gamasiab village, central part of Nahavand city. The research method is quantitative, applied and survey. The simple random sampling method in fisheries units of Gamasiab district was 241 native people, 31 villagers, 200 workers, and 10 managers. The reliability of the research was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.863 and the validity was confirmed by experts in geography and social sciences. Research findings show that in the economic sector, a lot of damage has been done to the pools and the rural economy has been affected by the flood. From the social and cultural point of view, the villages have been involved in migration and evacuation of the villages. Of course, on the other hand, participation and cooperation between villagers has increased. In the factor analysis, it was found that 10 components are effective in flood management. In the regression part, the quality factors of local management, finance, participation in flood management are effective. Also, the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test, gender, age, education status, marital status, income status and housing status have significant differences among fish ponds. Also, the flood has led to the destruction of the village's environment. Key words: floods, losses, damages, farms, fish breeding, salmon   

   Abstract “War Poetry” is a relatively new genre in literature but the frequent occurrence of wars has changed it to a popular and universal topic. The outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918) in Europe and the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988) diverted the course of writing poetry about war in Britain and Iran. This comparative study concentrating on the subject of “War Poetry” is a descriptive-analytic study on similarities and disparities between “English War Poetry” and “Iranian War Poetry”. Close reading of selected English war poems by some of the most known British war poets like Rupert Brooke, Siegfried Sassoon, Wilfred Owen, … and selected Iranian war poems by some of the most known Iranian war poets like Qeysar Aminpour, Mohammadreza Abdolmalekian, Alireza Ghazveh, … reveals significant differences despite the existence of general similarities between them; a point which is an indication of a deep gap between the viewpoint of British and Iranian war poets. This study is in line with American school of comparative literature, and Steven Totosy De Zepetnek’s theories form its underlying structure. In an effort to identify the main factors in the origin and evolution of “English and Iranian War Poetry” this study examines socio-cultural and historical background of British and Iranian societies in the years leading up to and during each war. Then through a thematic analysis the main features, similarities and differences of the two types of “War Poetry” are identified and compared. The psychological concept of “Shellshock” helps to decipher and justify the cause of diverse approaches of British and Iranian war poets towards the issue of war. KEY TERMS: Comparative study, English war poetry, Iranian war poetry, Psychoanalysis, Shell shock.   ?

   انسان همواره با توجه به اهداف و فعاليت هاي خود بر محيط پيرامون تأثير مي گذارد. يكي از اين تأثيرات تغيير كاربري اراضي است كه در همه ي كشورهاي توسعه يافته و در حال توسعه به روش هاي مختلفي در حال گسترش است. اين مسئله به صورت چشمگيري توسعه پايدار را تحت تأثير قرار داده است. امروزه تغييرات كاربري اراضي به چالشي مهم براي كشورها، به ويژه كشورهاي درحال توسعه تبديل شده است. در سال هاي اخير با گسترش شهرنشيني و افزايش جمعيت، تقاضا براي تأمين غذا بيشتر شده است. ايران با رشد سريع كلان شهرها مواجه است و در اين بين استان تهران و به ويژه شهرستان شهريار نيز در سالهاي اخير رشد افقي داشته و به سمت پيرامون خود گسترش يافته است. عوامل ديگري مانند سن، دوري يا نزديكي به شهر،مساحت زمين، اقتصادي نبودن كشاورزي و...باعث تغيير كاربري اراضي شده اند. در اين پژوهش با استفاده از روش كتابخانه اي و ميداني به گردآوري اطلاعات پرداخته و همچنين با استفاده از پرسشنامه خود ساخته (با استفاده از طيف ليكرت) به تكميل اطلاعات پرداخته مي شود و   با استفاده از نرم افزار    و GIS ارزيابي و تحليل مي شوند. همچنين با استفاده از روش ضريب آلفاي كورنباخ پايايي و نظر كارشناسان روايي پژوهش مورد سنجش قرار مي گيرد. كليدواژه ها :   كاربري اراضي، تغيير كاربري، اراضي كشاورزي، شهرستان شهريار، دهستان رزكان

  One of the best ways to create development in villages is to plan and invest in the field of rural tourism; and in this regard, tourism events play a key role in the development of rural tourism. This research aimed to investigating the Hamedan 2018 Asian Event and its effect on rural tourism in Hamedan province. In this regard, the available documents and articles related to the Hamedan 2018 Asian Event were examined using the library method. After collecting qualitative data about the Hamedan 2018 Asian Event, these data were qualitatively analyzed in the form of content analysis and its components were extracted. These data were collected and categorized with the help of organizations related to Hamedan 2018 Asian Event (provincial cultural heritage, Hamedan 2018 Asian Event secretariat, governorate, and villages). The instruments that used in this research were interview and grounded theory sampling method. The studied villages included Varkaneh, Darreh-Moradbeik, and Abshineh. The findings of this research showed that by analyzing the content of the participants' answers, 6 main categories including “regional reconstruction, customs, cultural programs, government role-playing, selling products, and religion and religious rituals” were identified in the answers of the participants in the research. Also, in terms of the effects of Hamedan 2018 Tourism Event, the cultural and economic effects were more prominent than others. The pathology conducted in the said event showed that the environmental pollution and the effects of tourists on the beliefs and views of the hosts are among the significant things. According to the findings of this research, it seems that local and regional events and festivals are an opportunity for cultural and economic development in the target areas. Of course, it is very important to pay attention to the damages and threats of these events. The role of the government and people's participation, along with bilateral cooperation, can also solve many related issuesKeywords: Hamedan 2018 Asian Tourism Event, Rural Development, Rural Tourism.

  Abstract: The current research has been carried out with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the challenges of tourism businesses in the field of social security. The research is practical in terms of its purpose and has benefited from the research method. The population studied in the research includes the managers and administrative personnel of the Social Security Organization, Cultural Heritage Organization, hotels, travel and tourism service companies, who were interviewed using the snowball sampling method in the qualitative part of 16 in-depth semi-interviews. It was structured and in the quantitative section, 50 samples of experts in this field with the most expertise were selected. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire was verified by experts in the qualitative section by selecting a suitable sample and reviewing the participants, and in the quantitative section, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (0.72%). In the qualitative section, the codes were checked and extracted using the content analysis method. The findings indicate the extraction of 6 main categories and 9 subcategories. The main categories are; The challenges of the tourism field are the issues of laws and regulations, the challenges related to the social security organization, and finally the challenges of the policy making field. The findings of the qualitative section were prioritized with the help of the Friedman test method, and according to the analysis, the lack of definition of new laws appropriate to the present time with the rank (09/64), the vagueness of the contracts in the field of tourism businesses with the rank ( 13/63), lack of precise definition of tourism jobs and its separation from other areas with a rating (06/62), more focus of the social security organization on the treatment sector than the tourism sector with a rating (05/62), lack of appropriate laws And according to the field of tourism with a rank of (61/87), the lack of discounts and suitable privileges for the insured and pensioners of the field of tourism with a rank of (61/31) and insufficient information of the organization and other active departments in this field with a rank of (60/67) ) has the highest priority and factors; Inappropriate efficiency of current tourism centers with a rating (17/49), seasonal and temporary employment in tourism businesses with a rating (12/25), employers' unwillingness to insure personnel in this area with a rating (25/27), a decreasing trend Attracting tourists with a rating of (25.29), low growth of tourism businesses in Iran with a rating of (25.33) and poor advertising with a rating of (25.78) had the lowest priority according to the respondents. Therefore, it is suggested that managers provide training for employees and the integration of information in the organization. Key words: challenge, business, tourism, social security

  The world registration of Oramanat region as the 26th world heritage of Iran in the UNESCO organization has doubled the importance of this region from the west of the country. Considering the many capacities of Oramanat region to attract tourists and the proper use of the world registration points to make this area known as a tourism pole at the international level, the aim of the present research is to find effective factors in branding the tourist destination of Oramanat in the form of a model. is. The review and study of related texts and research indicates that several factors are involved in the branding of a tourist destination and it ultimately brings significant benefits for tourist destinations, although due to the specific characteristics of a destination, branding it has certain difficulties. has its own In terms of the type of objective, this study is considered to be an applied research, which was carried out by a mixed exploratory method and during two qualitative and quantitative stages. In the qualitative part, interviews were conducted with 15 experts in the field of tourism, which included university professors, officials and activists in this field, first in a targeted manner and then in a snowball way, to identify the effective factors in international tourism branding in Oramanat region, and finally, with the analysis method The qualitative content of these factors were categorized into concepts and categories. In the quantitative part, the same sample people present in the qualitative part of the questionnaire were given pairwise comparisons in order to prioritize the obtained factors, and finally, hierarchical analysis was done in the Expert choice software environment for data analysis. Based on the findings of the research, 9 main factors were identified for the international tourism branding of Oramanate, respectively, the importance of infrastructure and facilities with a weight of 0.218, the factor of attractions with a weight of 0.179, and the factor of marketing and advertising with a weight of 0.170 received the highest score. have. Administrative, political and legal factors, tourists and agencies, building and stabilizing the brand, social, cultural and economic with weights of 0.108, 0.107, 0.074, 0.073, 0.047 and 0.025 are also in the priorities. are next. Among the limitations of this research, we can mention the non-cooperation of some members of the sample to conduct interviews and complete the pairwise comparison questionnaire, the lack of access to some tourism activists and officials in the region, and the excessively long process of interviews and data collection.

 AbstractThis thesis is a research using the science of linguistics as a suitable tool to study all kinds of texts and also to analyze the specific style of each text, based on Searle's (1969) theory, that examines Kahf Surah and analyzes its verses from the point of view of speech acts that are used in it, and considers special aspects of heavenly word of Quran. Based on this theory, Searle, by accepting that speech act is the basic unit of meaning, divided these acts into five categories: representative, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. Our goal in this research is to investigate the effectiveness of this theory in the verses of Surah Kahf, the types and frequency of used speech acts, and also to identify the differences of this theory in accordance with the verses of this Surah. According to the investigations carried out in this research, the obtained results indicate that the representative speech act accounted for the largest number of speech acts with 34%, followed by directive speech act with a frequency of 30%, expressive 16%, commissive 10%, specific 9% and declarative 1% in order of frequency they had. It should be noted that, in addition to the five speech acts mentioned by Searle, some certain speech acts were observed in some verses of this Surah that did not meet the conditions of the appropriateness of the mentioned ones and they were not included in any of the above categories. Therefore, we chose the title "specific speech acts" for the newly found ones in these specific and marked verses. In the end, the incompatibility of this theory with the Qur'anic text as a religious sign can be seen as a proof of the special style of the word of God and its meta-linguistic features.Key words: Speech act theory, J.L. Austin, John R. Searle, Speech acts, Quran, Surah Kahf

"  پژوهش تركيبي حاضر در كرمانشاه، ايران، سطح دانش زبان انگليسي شركت كنندگان، نمرات دانش آموزان در آرمون كنكور سراسري، عوامل موثر بر دانش انگليسي محدود و راهكارهاي ممكن را مورد بررسي قرار مي دهد.با دانش آموزان دختر پايه دوازدهم از 13 مدرسه نماينده مصاحبه حضوري به عمل آمد.در حالي كه حداكثر نمره زبان انگليسي در كنكور100 مي باشد، در كرمانشاه نمره 3811 دانش آموز كمتر از صفر، نمره 7836 دانش آموز صفر و نمره 2299 دانش آموز زير 5 بوده است. ميانه نمره زبان انگليسي در 22355 دانش آموز صفر بوده است.توانايي خواندن خودارزيابي شده در دانش آموزان به طور معني داري بالاتر از ساير مهارت ها بود. اكثر دانش آموزان يادگيري زبان انگليسي را ضروري مي دانستند. اكثر دانش آموزان پخش روزانه فيلم هاي انگليسي بدون دوبله اما با زيرنويس فارسي را در بهبود دانش زبان انگليسي موثر دانستند. اكثر دانش آموزان به بهبود سطح زبان انگليسي خود تمايل داشتند و دانش انگليسي را درتوسعه اجتماعي-اقتصادي ايران موثر دانستند.مضامين و مضامين فرعي استخراج شده از تحليل محتواي ارائه شده توسط دانش آموزان درباره مزاياي يادگيري زبان انگليسي، عوامل موثر بر ضعف دانش انگليسي و راهكارهاي ممكن عبارتند از:"كسب دانش عمومي و اطلاعات"، "سفر و مهاجرت"، "گردشگري"، "فرصت هاي شغلي و اشتغال زايي""شروع يادگيري زبان در سن بالا"، "كمبود زمان اختصاص داده شده به زبان انگليسي در برنامه مدارس"، "كمبود مهارت معلمان"، "كمبود امكانات آموزشي"، "عدم توجه كافي به مهارتهاي شنيدن و صحبت كردن"، "كتاب هاي درسي نامناسب"، "كمبود انگيزه""شروع تدريس زبان انگليسي در پايه هاي ابتدايي در مدارس"، "تغيير شيوه هاي تدريس"، "توجه به ضعف هاي معلمان"، "بهبود كتابهاي درسي"، "ايجاد انگيزه"يافته هاي اين پژوهش ميتواند پيامدهاي مفيدي براي مسئولان در زمينه آموزش زبان انگليسي به عنوان يك زبان خارجي به طور كلي و به خصوص در مدارس ايران داشته باشد

   Self-directed learning (SDL) has been defined as a process in which students take control of their education, attempt to identify and comprehend their learning requirements and, establish goals. The use of educational a   and websites enables SDL because they provide the opportunity for learners to initiate their learning and independently search for materials and information online at any time. The present mixed-method study aims to examine how Iranian EFL self-directed students feel about educational a   and websites. A sample of 70 students, studying at University BA level, were chosen based on convenient sampling. The participants were then administered a self-rating scale of self-directed learning or SRSSDL. To gather the required data the researchers used an adapted questionnaire and semi-structured interviews to investigate EFL self-directed learners` feelings about educational a   and websites. After the analyses of the data through suitable statistical techniques, the results showed that educational a   and websites have a positive impact on Iranian BA self-directed learners' attitudes and language learning experiences. The findings of this study could be useful in the field of language education since they will determine the attitudes of EFL learners’ toward those a   and websites. Keywords: Self-directed learners, EFL, Educational a  , Educational websites

         The global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education, including in Iraq, has led to a rapid transition from traditional in-person >Keywords: Google Classroom, online teaching, COVID-19, EFL, technology acceptance model, mixed-method.

   I want to thank everyone who helped finish this thesis. My supervisor Dr. Saman Ebadi's knowledge, expertise, and constant support have been invaluable throughout this journey. his insightful comments and constructive criticism have developed this work. I'm grateful to the participant and his family who provided their time and effort to this study. You've helped illuminate this research's crucial topic. I'm grateful to my family for their support and understanding throughout this academic journey. Your love and faith in me motivated me. Finally, I'd like to thank everyone who helped me improve academically and   

   بر گشت سرمايه بخش كشاورزي به اقتصاد روستايي منجربه توسعه اقتصادي نواحي روستايي مي‌شود. با اين همه شواهد ميداني نشان از عدم تحقق اين مساله دارد. در دهستان شيان، شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب در استان كرمانشاه بخش كشاورزي نقش مهمي در ساختار اقتصادي روستاها دارد. با اين وجود به علت عدم سرمايه گذاري درآمدهاي حاصل در اين بخش در روستاها با محروميت و عدم توسعه يافتگي روستاها مواجه هستيم. اين مساله سبب افزايش مهاجرت از اين روستاها به شهرهاي اطراف و كرمانشاه شده است. لذا اين تحقيق با هدف بررسي عوامل موثر بر برگشت سرمايه بخش كشاورزي بر اقتصاد روستايي دهستان شيان، شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب انجام مي‌گيرد. هدف كلي تحقيق بررسي موانع برگشت سرمايه بخش كشاورزي و اثر آن بر اقتصاد روستايي در دهستان شيان شهرستان اسلام‌آباد غرب است. روش تحقيق كاربردي و پيمايشي است. ابزار جمع آوري اطلاعات پرسشنامه مي‌باشد. روش نمونه‌گيري بر اساس روش نمونه‌گيري تصادفي سيستماتيك است.    كليدواژه­ها :   برگشت سرمايه، كشاورزي، توسعه روستايي، دهستان شيان

Abstract The time gap from the era of holy defense has slowed down the rhythm of the poems and made their length longer and thinking prevailed over them.Rethinking the past and remembering what happened in the past turned the poems of this period into memoirs, and the novel Maryam's Boots is an example of this period, which tries to become an example of historiography by writing memoirs and collecting historical informatio  

   به ندرت پيش مي آيد كه ناهمواري ها به صورت سالم و دست نخورده باقي بمانند و قطعا پيكره چين خوردگي به وسيله عملكرد زمين ساخت دچار تغيير مي گردد. مورفومتري در واقع تحليل هاي كمي از ويژگي هاي ژئومورفيك لند فرم هاي يك منطقه است .در اين پژوهش ضمن بررسي اثر مستقيم چين ها   در چهره زمين به عنوان عوارض مقياس كوچك زمين ساخت، نقشي را كه ساختمان مي تواند در كنترل مسير و الگوي رودها و سامانه زهكشي داشته باشد و همچنين مواقعي كه نمي تواند اين نقش را ايفا كند،بررسي خواهيم كرد. به همين منظورجمع آوري داده ها : حدود طاق ها، تشخيص و ترسيم شبكه آبراهه ها، ترسيم محدود? حوضه هاي هر آبراهه   از DEM 10 متر استان در محيط GIS،   انتخاب طاق هاي داخل استاني ، ويرايش مرز طاق ها و حوضه ها   درGIS، تفكيك روزهاي مستقر در يال­هاي غربي و شرقي و كلوزهاي طاق ها در GIS ،   تنظيم جدول خروجي ها و طبقه بندي طاق­ها و حوضه ها صورت گرفت. .   نتايج نشان مي دهد. همه طاق­ها به طور كلي به يك اندازه در برابر فرسايش واكنش نشان داده­اند و اگر ساختمان نقشي را در عملكرد فرسايش ايفا كرده است اين نقش دست كم در مقياس كل طاقديس­ها معني دار نبوده و در همه آن ها نقش يكساني را ايفا كرده است."شاخص نسبت مساحت طاقديس­ها به مساحت حوضه­هاي روزها و كلوزها با حجم فرسايش طاقديس­ها ارتباط معني داري دارد "   تأييد مي­شود. اين آزمون نشان داد كه بين روزهاي دو طرف يال ها تفاوت معني داري وجود ندارد ولي بين روزها و كلوزها تفاوت خيلي مشخصي وجود دارد. به عبارتي كلوزها تخربب خيلي زيادي را نسبت به روزها ايجاد كرده اند.طاق­ها به طور كلي به يك اندازه در برابر فرسايش واكنش نشان داده­اند و اگر ساختمان نقشي را در عملكرد فرسايش ايفا كرده است اين نقش دست كم در مقياس كل طاقديس­ها معني دار نبوده و در همه آن ها نقش يكساني را ايفا كرده است كليد واژه : مورفومتري، طاقديس، فرسايش، زاگرس چين خورده

  به تأسي از اهداف كلان و احكام دين مقدس اسلام، در مقدمه ي قانون اساسي جمهوري اسلامي ايران، خانواده واحد بنيادين جامعه و كانون اصلي رشد و تعالي انسان تلقي شده­است.

ادبيات برخاسته از شرايط اجتماعي و تغيير و تحولاتي است كه در بطن جامعه رخ مي­دهد و مستقيماً بر سبك و آثار شاعران تأثير مي­گذارد بنابراين آثار شاعران مي­تواند به­خوبي بازتاب­دهند? اقليمي باشد كه گوينده در آن پرورش يافته است. به عبارت ديگر ادب عاميانه هر ملتي، مجموعه­اي از دانش­ها و اعتقادات و رسم و رسومي است كه فرد در برخورد با جامع? خويش فرا گرفته است و با عنوان شيو? معيشتي و زيستي هميشه همراه اوست. با بررسي فرهنگ عامه و گفتمان­هاي فرهنگي هر قوم و ملتي از طريق مطالعات ميان­رشته­اي و تطبيقي مي­توان به شناساندنِ هويت و ايجاد تعاملات فرهنگي بين اقوام با عقايد و باورهاي مختلف پرداخت. در اين ميان ادبيات كردي نيز همچون ساير فولكلورهاي اقوام ديگر   دربردارند? تمامي ابعاد زندگي و روحيات و حماسه­ها و عاشقان­هاي قوم كرد در گذر زمان است. پرتو كرمانشاهي (1310- 1400) از شاعران معاصر كرمانشاه و شاعري برخاسته از ميان مردم است كه در شرايط جامع? خود زيسته است و از كودكي با   با رنج­ها و مشقت­هاي مردم اقليم خود آشنا شده. پرتو به­عنوان نمايند? سرزمين خود بازتاب دهند? بسياري از مسائل اجتماعي محيط پيرامون خود است و در آثار خود به عناصر عاميانه­اي هچون اعتقاد به تقدير و تأثير افلاك و ستارگان بر سرنوشت، تعويذ و جادو و نيز آسيب­هاي اجتماعي همانند ريا و حسدورزي، سخن چيني و قحط وفا پرداخته است. بنابراين در اين پژوهش نظر به اهميت عناصر عاميانه و بازتاب آن در ادبيات كردي با بهره­گيري از تعاريف عناصر عاميانه و تقسيم­بندي­هاي انجام شده در اين حوزه مجموعه آثار پرتو كرمانشاهي را كه در مجموعه شعر «كوچه باغي­هاي» چاپ شده است، مورد بررسي قرار مي­گيرد و عناصر عاميانه آن استخراج و تحليل مي­شود. اين پژوهش به­شيوه توصيفي- تحليلي صورت مي­گيرد و داده­هاي آن براساس شيو? كتابخانه­اي جمع­آوري خواهد شد.    واژگان كليدي: فرهنگ عاميانه، باورهاي عاميانه، شعر پژوهي، پرتو كرمانشاهي.      

Covid-19, which was spread in China on about March 13, forced most countries in the world to announce that schools and universities must be closed to curb suffering from Coronavirus infection. Many studies have been conducted to discover the perspective of online teachers about teaching online; however, no research has compared the challenges and benefits in Iran to those of other contexts. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the attitudes of EFL teachers in Iran about the challenges and opportunities of online teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic and compare the challenges to similar findings in other contexts. The researcher used a questionnaire and two open-ended questions to investigate the EFL teachers’ attitudes. Their attitudes revealed that teachers encountered the biggest challenges of internet connection, lack of real interaction, and low literacy of teaching online and using digital devices. Therefore, the participants recommended that these challenges should be considered and eliminated before starting teaching online. On the other hand, saving time, being location-free, getting protection from the virus, and performing better for students were the most opportunities that online teaching provided for them. Finally, the findings of the current study were not any new, and most countries experienced the same opportunities and challenges.   

   In this study, we examine the economic policies of the Prophetic government in the civil age and their feasibility in the current era. The economic life of the Prophet (PBUH) refers to a set of rules, methods and economic behavior that the Prophet (PBUH) as a human being Pure and flawless, they have practically tried to implement it during their rule. Economic issues are a very important and significant element in any society and among all countries, both domestically and internationally. Now, in the early days of Islam, with the advent of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) among the ignorant Arabs, considering the unsettled situation and the great divisions of that time and the power-seeking of some tribes and the existence of a very deep dir="RTL" >      Keywords: Economy, Equality, Progress, Justice, Government

  The use of valuable business opportunities in the service sector, especially in the tourism industry, is a characteristic of the 21st century. Ecotourism is considered one of the branches of tourism, which branched off from rural tourism, and is now proposed as a new approach in this industry. It has become one of the most important economic sectors in many countries of the world. The tourism industry, with its ever-increasing growth and global nature, needs to be actively present in virtual communities. And to reach a worthy position, they should take advantage of new tools based on information technology. Operators of tourism businesses, especially those active in the field of ecotourism, can use virtual spaces as a different place for marketing and provide a new and suitable distribution channel for providing self-services; and attract tourists by introducing their business. Today, with the development of information technology, many businesses have accepted it as part of the value chain in their organization and updated and developed their work processes with the help of information technology resources. Ecotourism is also not without this way and in many countries, electronic tourism has spread well. One of the management measures in order to take advantage of information technology facilities is the use of social media to attract and retain customers, which can benefit It deserves the attention of organizations. In this study, using qualitative content analysis and Delphi method, effective factors in the use of social networks in ecotourism marketing have been identified and prioritized, and appropriate policy solutions have been proposed based on the findings. In terms of its practical (developmental) purpose, this research is a qualitative research in terms of its approach or methodology, and in terms of its data collection method, it is a survey type. In order to collect information, first by conducting library research and analyzing the content of different sources, the factors and factors affecting the marketing of social networks in tourism were extracted, and then by using the questionnaire tool and using the Delphi method, the opinion of 25 people The experts of information technology, tourism and marketing fields - who were selected by targeted sampling method - were asked about the indicators and key factors of success in social network marketing. In the end, the research model was identified by extracting five criteria for success in social media marketing, including the role of the social network platform, the role of electronic content, the role of businesses, the role of users, and the role of macro policies and governments.

Covid-19 pandemic broke out in Wuhan, China toward the end of 2019. World Health Organization proclaimed the disease a pandemic in March 11, 2020. Covid-19 posed a significant threat to the global education system causing school and university authorities find alternatives[N1]     through online[N2]   education to proceed the education during the pandemic. Therefore, the world entered an era[N3]   of [N4]  unprecedented pandemic digitalized education (Boca, 2021). This study investigated the perceptions of Kurdistan university EFL students toward online education in Kurdistan Region (KR) of Iraq. It also tried[N5]   to discover[N6]   the factors forcing the students to formulate negative or positive attitudes toward online learning in KR EFL context. To these goals, an online questionnaire was distributed among 120 university EFL participants to probe their attitudes toward online education. The researcher also performed a series of online semi-structured interviews to investigate factors shaping participants’ positive or negative perceptions toward English online teaching in KR .Technology Acceptance Model theory (Davis, 1989) was used to analyze the factors causing participants to take a positive or negative attitude toward online instruction. Results showed that Kurdistan university EFL students generally took negative attitudes to online id="_anchor_7" href="file:///C:/Users/R!!!/Desktop/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87/Ghadah-MA-Thesis%20-Revised.docx#_msocom_7" language="JavaScript" name="_msoanchor_7">[N7]  , some few participants found online language education advantageous since they discovered it as a pleasant learning experience, which saved their time, helped them join >   Keywords: Online Education, Kurdistan Region, EFL Learner’s Perceptions, Iraq, Technology, Covid-19           

Abstract  Purpose: The Corona virus and its effects and consequences have engenderedmany challenges in the economic and livelihood situation of the people, andcountries have taken various measures and methods in order to prevent thefurther spread of this virus. These methods have caused the lack of timelysupply of rural products and marketing, lack of supply of fodders, changes inthe livelihood strategies of the villagers, etc., which has consequentlyaffected the economic and livelihood status of the villagers. Accordingly, themain purpose of the present research is evaluating the impact of the spread ofthe Covid-19 pandemic on the economy and livelihood of selected villages ofKermanshah province in order its effects on the supply chain ( fodders,marketing and sales) of the dominant products, the total or partial changes ofthe livelihood strategies and the income and employment of the investigatedvillagers be evaluated.Methodology: This is adevelopmental - functional and qualitative research. In order to conduct thisstudy a grounded theory method, library studies, unstructured interviews,subjective analysis and also snowball sampling were used.136 people consistingof a group of local officials (40 people) and  residents (96 people) were interviewed,  local officials' interviews were in the form of   the full enumeration and in-depth method forresidents.   Data collection continuesuntil the theoretical data saturation is reached so that the codes are completeand no new codes are obtained. The data were collected through semi-structuredinterviews and Maxqda software were used to manage and code the documents, andfinally data were analyzed.Findings: The findings of the study led tothe identification of 370 categories and 13 dir="LTR" >Conclusion: It can beconcluded from the analysis of the research findings that Corona by affectingthe economic and livelihood status of the villagers has finally caused adecline in their income, that planning and measure focusing on the effect   Identified can hel   improve the economic and livelihood situationof the villagers during the corona pandemic.  Keywords: supply chain, rural economy, marketing of agricultural products,rural employment, Covid-19.  

   The use of cyberspace in the new era has become pervasive in all management matters and one of the parts that can be used more properly in this context is rural areas. Today, statistics in the communication and information technology system show that the Internet has a significant influence in rural areas which is increasing worldwide. Smartening of rural areas means the useful use of communication and information tools in order to facilitate the provision of services to the community, smartening rural areas means using useful communication and information tools to facilitate the provision of services to the community, this measure is now being provided efficiently in many European countries. Successful experiences in the field of intelligence have also taken place in Asia, and the results obtained from these experiences are a window of hope to improve life in rural areas and repair the problems that have arisen, and to prevent the disruption of social structures of villages and to deal with the phenomenon of rural evasion. And somehow it can be claimed that with the improvement of information technology and smartening of villages, the quality of life of villagers improves. This thesis was a review of the current situation and planning for the smartening of villages in the Kalar County of Sulaimaniyah province, Iraq. To conduct this research, a descriptive method based on comparative analysis was used, and field method and questionnaire tools will be used to collect information and the data. To conduct this research, a descriptive method based on comparative analysis was used, and field method and questionnaire tools were used to collect information and data. The statistical population of the study was four rural districts of Kalar county, from which three villages were selected by simple random sampling and in total using Cochran's formula with an error of 5%. From a total of 262 households in this area and using Morgan table, 151 Samples were prepared to collect information.   And by examining the validity of the questionnaire, the reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed using Cronbach's alpha statistics. The results of this dissertation showed that the existing infrastructure for smartening in the villages of Clare County is in a disproportionate condition. And the level of knowledge and information of indigenous peoples for intelligence in rural areas of Kalar county is in a disproportionate situation and unfortunately Smartening of villages efficiently does not affect the quality of life of indigenous people as it should, And the components that progressive and deterrent the realization of intelligence in rural Kalar does not fit into what is promising.

  زنجيره

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on businesses in the tourism sector of Oramanat region of Kermanshah province and to provide solutions to address them in the crisis. The research was quantitative-qualitative in nature and with inductive approach. Quantitative data were collected by Khosravi standard questionnaire (1400) and the data were analyzed by    26 software. Qualitative information was obtained through interviews and this information was analyzed by coding method using qualitative content analysis. The study population in this study is in the quantitative part of tourism business owners who used the census method for sampling and in the qualitative part were field experts and experienced business owners who were selected from the purposeful method. The Corona crisis was one of the new crises that, in addition to endangering human health, had unprecedented effects on various businesses, including tourism businesses. The closure of businesses in this area and the lack of income and unemployment of people had a negative impact on employment and had a great economic impact on the families involved. Using the results of the questionnaire, we prioritized the dimensions of business resilience, according to which the economic capacity in the first priority and the dimensions of policies and support, socio-cultural, communication-information capacities, The psychology of human resources, foresight and opportunity, changing and modifying marketing strategies, adhering to health protocols, brand identity, situational awareness, human resource management and adaptation are in the next priorities, respectively. And using the results of the interview, strategies such as government support and banking policies, improving the economic conditions of the people, compliance with health protocols by the people, changing and reforming business strategy, insurance coverage, human resource management and economic capacity to help The resilience of tourism businesses in the crisis was presented.   

   Today, the ecotourism industry has become one of the important sources of income for the villagers. IT, as an empowerment and integrator of the value network in the ecotourism industry, can play a significant role in the development of this industry and in addition to increasing local employment, increasing the income of local people and capabilities of rural areas. This study aims to provide a model for the developing ecotourism industry in Iran with an emphasis on IT. This research is a qualitative research that has been done by content analysis and Delphi methods. In the content analysis method, the indicators of the initial model have been extracted and this model has been completed and tested by the Delphi method. The statistical population in the content analysis method included all texts related to the research topic and in the Delphi method were experts and university professors specializing in e-tourism and e-tourism industry which 30 experts cooperated until the end of the third round. Sampling method was done in content analysis method using counting and in Delphi method using snowball. Based on the findings of the first part of the research, 38 indicators have been identified, and in the second part, 24 indicators have been added to model, of which six of the identified indicators have not been agreed by experts. The research model includes 56 indicators, 34 components and 9 dimensions (including legal infrastructure, financial infrastructure, mobile commerce infrastructure, e-advertising management, content marketing, customer relationship management, e-HRM, local partnership and software infrastructure). In this research, an innovative model for the development of ecotourism industry is presented. Although many studies emphasize on tourist attraction, this model encompasses all three stages of tourist life cycle management, which include attracting, maintaining, and developing a relationship with the tourist. Also, the proposed model covers the four approaches existing in the theoretical foundations in the field of eco-tourism industry development, which include the four perceptual, behavioral, service and educational perspectives. The proposed model of this research has raised issues far beyond the aforementioned views. Attention to all the extracted indicators of this research model in all its dimensions is suggested as practical suggestions for the development of ecotourism industry.

  رشد اقتصادي همواره يكي از مهم ترين اهداف برنامه ريزان و سياست مداران در كشورهاي جهان بوده است. اصولا كشورهاي كمتر توسعه يافته و يا در حال توسعه، فرايند ترقي خود را با هدف قرار دادن سطح بالاتري از رشداقتصادي، دنبال مي كنند؛ چرا كه رشد اقتصادي منابع مادي لازم براي تحقق اهداف كلان اقتصادي و رفاه عمومي را فراهم مي كند. يكي از مهم ترين اين اهداف بهبود سلامت عمومي و ايجاد محيط زيستي سالم براي جامعه است. اما اين كه در مسير رشد اقتصادي، سلامت عمومي و كيفيت محيط زيست بهبود مي يابد، شواهد روشني وجود ندارد.تمامي مطالعات انجام شده قبل تردر رابطه با رابطه رشد اقتصادي و محيط زيست، متغير انتشار دي اكسيد كربن را به عنوان شاخص محيط زيست درنظر گرفته اند. اما در اين تحقيق علاوه بر كربن دي اكسيد از متغير هاي ديگري همچونمساحت جنگل ها و درآمد حاصل از منابع طبيعي نيز براي نشان دادن متغير محيط زيست استفاده شده است.دراين مطالعه سه مدل تخمين زده مي شود. در مدل اول انتشار كربن دي اكسيد، در مدل دوممساحت جنگل ها و در مدل سوم درآمد حاصل از منابع طبيعي متغيرهاي وابسته هستندبا توجه به اين موضوع كه تاثير رشد و توسعه اقتصادي بر محيط زيست ممكن است با يك يا چند دوره تاخير همراه باشد، بايد مدلي به كار گرفته شود كه وقفه هاي لازم را اعمال كند. لذا در اين تحقيق به منظور بررسي اثر رشد اقتصادي بر محيط زيست از مدل ARDL و ECM استفاده شده است. به اين ترتيب با توجه به اين موضوع كه داده ها سري زماني هستند، ابتدا مانايي متغيرهاي توضيحي و وابسته مورد بررسي قرار مي گيرد. تفسير مدل اولدر كوتاه مدت وهمچنين بلند مدت درآمد سرانه بر روي محيط زيست اثر معني دار دارد. به اين معنا كه در كوتاه مدت 1% افزايش در درآمد سرانه 00005/0 %   و در بلند مدت00019/0 % انتشار كربن دي اكسيد را كاهش مي دهد. پس مي توان گفت كه افزايش درآمد سرانه افراد جامعه بر محيط زيست اثر مطلوبي دارد، و اين افزايش درآمد علاوه بر افزايش رفاه جامعه، كارايي محيط زيست را هم هرچند در مقياس اندك، افزايش خواهد داد. افزايش جمعيت شهرنشين در كشور نيز، در كوتاه مدت و بلند مدت اثر معنا دار بر محيط زيست دارد، اما در كوتاه مدت اين 1% افزايش در جمعيت شهرنشين باعث049/0% كاهش در انتشار كربن دي اكسيد ميشود، ولي در بلند مدت افزايش يك درصد جمعيت شهري در كشور باعث افزايش   028/0%   در انتشار كربن دي اكسيد مي شود.سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي در كشور در بلند مدت اثر معني دار بر محيط زيست ندارد، اما در كوتاه مدت درازاي 1% افزايش در سرمايه گذاري مستقيم خارجي، 0092/0 % انتشار كربن در اكسيد كاهش پيدا مي كند. در مجموع مي توان گفت كه رشد اقتصادي در كوتاه مدت تاثير مطلوبي بر محيط زيست دارد، اما در بلند مدت با افزايش جمعيت شهرنشين انتشار كربن دي اكسيد افزايش يافته و اين امر سبب آسيب رساندن به محيط زيست مي شود. و مي توان چنين استنباط كرد كه در هر سال 16 % از عدم تعادل يك دوره در مدل در دوره بعد تعديل مي شود. به عبارت ديگر سياست هاي زيست محيطي در قالب كنترل دي اكسيد كربن حدود 5/6 سال طول مي كشد تا اثر كامل خود را بر اقتصاد ايران آشكار سازد. بنابراين تعديل به سمت تعادل هر چند با سرعت كم صورت مي گيرد اما بعد از چند سال دوباره به تعادل باز مي گرديم. تفسير مدل دومدرآمد سرانه در كوتاه مدت و بلند مدت بر مساحت جنگل ها اثر معنيدار دارد، به اين ترتيب كه در كوتاه مدت به ازاي يك درصد افزايش در درآمد سرانه مقدار 000047/0 درصد ميزان مساحت جنگل ها افزايش پيدا مي كند. در بلند مدت با افزايش يك درصدي درآمد سرانه مقدار   00035/0 درصد مساحت جنگل ها افزايش پيدا مي كند. اين موضوع به آن معني است كه افزايش در درآمد سرانه افراد جامعه باعث ايجاد اثر مثبت بر مساحت جنگل ها و كارايي محيط زيست خواهد شد. كه ميزان اين اثر مطلوب در بلند مدت بيشتر از مقدار آن در كوتاه مدت است.افزايش جمعيت شهري اثر معني داري چه در كوتاه مدت و چه در بلند مدت، بر روي مساحتجنگل ها ندارد. و اين يعني كه افزايش يا كاهش در جمعيت شهري كشور تاثيري بر مساحت جنگل ها نداردو اين موضوع به لحاظ نظري و منطقي قابل درك است.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the automated writing evaluation software Grammarly on Iranian EFL learners' ability to use articles in academic writing. 90 students majoring in different branches of English in Iran were chosen through convenience sampling. They were divided into three groups, with one receiving Grammarly feedback (experimental group 1), one receiving Grammarly as well as teacher feedback (experimental group 2), and the last one receiving teacher feedback (control group). They underwent a pretest, four weeks of treatment, then a posttest. The results showed that the group with both the Grammarly and teacher feedback had the most significant improvement. Hence, it can be concluded that Grammarly and teacher feedback complemented each other in helping students learn how to use articles properly in their writing. This study implies that Grammarly is an invaluable tool in assisting teachers in realizing which grammatical structures to target. Also, it helps students decide whether to use Grammarly to proofread their writing. The researcher recommends future studies be conducted using a larger sample and demographic to further explore the effects of Grammarly as a writing assistant tool.      

      The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the variables affecting the development of health tourism in Kermanshah. This research is an exploratory mix (qualitative-quantitative), which is a research method in the qualitative part of content analysis in which categories and concepts were extracted from interviews and in a quantitative part using Friedman test in   26 software and in In this section, the identified categories of qualitative phase were ranked. The data collection tool was semi-structured in the qualitative part of the in-depth interview and a questionnaire in the quantitative part. Participants in the qualitative section were 10 experts who identified the concepts using snowball sampling method and achieving theoretical data saturation. Also, the study population in the quantitative section were 45 health tourism experts. According to the results of this research, soft infrastructure categories (with an average rank of 5) are the most important category in the success of health tourism development. Then, in order of the following categories: hard infrastructure, government support, cultural and social issues, marketing and advertising are effective on the success of health tourism development. Each of the categories has several components, which according to the results, the component of medical equipment (with an average rank of 16.89), which is a subset of the category of soft infrastructure, was recognized as the most important component for success in the development of health tourism.

Abstract    Since the fall of the Bretton Woods system in 1973 and the adoption of flexible exchange rates, exchange rate volatility has become a central issue and concern for various groups of agents including policy makers, central banks, academics and individual investors among others. The increase in central bank tra  arency has been one of the main developments in central banking in the past few decades. This leads to the question of the effect of central bank tra  arency on the volatility of exchange rates. the most important inferred from the previous literature on the issue of central bank tra  arency is that the increase of information provision by the central banks in the form of communication of monetary policy will lead to an increase in the ability of people to understanding the objectives of the central bank and improve their forecasts from the monetary policy of the central bank, which will prevent changes in the central bank's policy stance from destabilizing financial markets, which this could requires existing an central bank independent. On the other hand, in oil exporting countries, oil revenues fluctuation lead to exchange rate volatility due to This implies that oil Revenues are an important variable in determining the strength of the currency and its volatility. Therefore, the present study attempt to use two approaches Fully modified least squares and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares with the help of statistical data for 1998-2015 and theoretical framework related to examining the effect of central bank tra  arency and oil revenues fluctuation on exchange rate volatility in Selected OPEC Member Countries. Results the both approaches shown that central bank tra  arency and central bank independence can influences on exchange rate volatility and has a significant negative relationship to exchange rate volatility. on the other hand , the oil revenues fluctuation has a significant positve relationship to exchange rate volatility whereas gdp growth has significant negative relationship to exchange rate volatility.   

      Abstract This study aims to evaluate the harmful factors on medical tourism in Kermanshah and strategies to improve them as a case study. Therefore, at first, a semi-structured interview was conducted with experts in the field of medical tourism in Kermanshah province in order to formulate the basic principles necessary to identify the harmful factors on medical tourism in Kermanshah. According to the purpose of this research, the present study is in the field of applied research in terms of purpose. On the other hand, considering that in this research, library study methods as well as field methods such as questionnaires have been used, it can be stated that the present research is a descriptive survey research based on its nature and method. Data collection methods in this study were divided into two categories: library and field. Regarding the collection of information related to the literature and research background, library methods were used and to collect information to answer research questions, the field method was used. In this study, interviews and questionnaire tools were used to collect research data. In the present study, because research approaches in operations have been used, therefore, the study population consists of experts and senior experts in the field. In each of the study phases, the group of experts has been determined based on the technique used. In the first phase of the study after screening the sub-criteria by Delphi technique; The network analysis process technique has been used to prioritize the sub-criteria. In the next phase, the internal relations of the criteria are measured with the Demetel technique. After ensuring the reliability and validity of the existing questionnaire as the main tool of data collection, the questionnaire was distributed among experts in the study area and thus the raw data to process, analyze and answer research questions. Brought. The results of these tests are summarized below. The findings of the present study have been used as a sample by distributing a questionnaire among experts in the field. The main purpose of data analysis is to study the phenomena and relationships between the variables of the research subject. After analyzing the collected data, the proposed model of the present study, which is the use of network analysis (ANP) model, was examined. The panel was determined based on a combination of experts with different specialties and a sample of 10 people was used in the interview section and 12 people in the questionnaire section. After determining the most important criteria of the subject under study and determining their internal relations using the Dimtel technique, the priority of each of the identified criteria will be prioritized. Network Analysis Process (ANP) technique was used to prioritize the sub-criteria. In the first step, by interviewing 10 medical tourism experts with open coding method and sorting them, 100 basic indicators were obtained and using the Smith Barin model, the mentioned indicators were divided into two categories: national and hospital. Each of its national and hospital criteria includes 4 sub-criteria and using MAXQDA software, the qualitative part of the research indicators was summarized. After that, using the Delphi technique, the indicators have been screened. If, according to experts, 28 indicators remained out of 100 indicators, one index was added to the indicators in the Delphi stage, and a total of 29 indicators remained. . In the next step, using the confirmatory factor analysis of SMART-PLS software, the construct validity of the initial model was examined and in this part, all indicators remained.

   Abstract Today, amazing advances in tra  ortation and media and communications have led to increased awareness of farmers and access to the market for agricultural products and the opportunity to find employment and access to amenities and living facilities, boundaries between towns and villages. It has eliminated and changed the role and function of each and has created phenomena such as urban creep, dormitory villages, the expansion of second homes in the countryside. One of these phenomena is the urbanization of farmers and their spatial segregation. The purpose of the present study is to identify and prioritize the economic, social and spatial factors affecting the urbanization of farmers and the spatial segregation of dwelling from agricultural production and typology of urban farmers. The present study is descriptive and analytical in nature, in terms of purpose, applied, and case study, and is one of the exploratory researches. The statistical population includes urban farmers residing in Kermanshah city, out of 500 farmers. Identified by the Cochran Volume formula Monet was selected as a random sample of 230 people. Questionnaires and interviews were used for data collection. According to the findings of the study, the short distance between the village and the city and the ease of commuting and the quality of roads had a significant impact on the urbanization of farmers. In the social dimension, the children continue to be educated, in the economic aspect of maintaining family capital in the village and in the spatial-spatial dimension of favorable rural climate, they were identified as the most important factors in the urbanization of farmers. KEYWORDS: Urbanization of farmers, Spatial segregation of residence, Part-time agriculture, Recreational agriculture, Urbanism, Kermanshah

AbstrctToday the tourism in dustry as a key part of the world economy, has been able to achieve the worlds third-largest income generating position. So that different countries, whether developed or developing, each seek to reach the stage of expantion or sustainability of the industry. The main purpose of this applied research is the to analyze the role of cultural tourism management in sustainable tourism development in Kermanshah, which was conducted in three qualitative- qualitative- quantitative phases. Content analysis method was used in qualitative part and descriptive survey method was used in quantitative part. The study population consisted of the first phase of research, tourists, managers, experts, and Faculty of Tourism in Kermanshah City, and in the second and third phase of research, managers, experts, and professors of tourism in Kermanshah City. Sampling method in qualitative section of this study was purposeful and theoretical (for managers, experts, and professors) and snowball (for tourists), through in-depth semi-structured interviews with 17 people in the first phase and 12 people in the second phase. Theoretical saturation was obtained. In the quantitative section, 12 xeperts were given AHP quastionnaive. The validity and reliability of the qualitative part of this study were confirmed using the triangulation technique, and in the quantitative part, the validity of the questionnaive designed by the experts, and its reliability due to the inconsistency rate(0/01) obtained in expert choice11   oftware, were confirmed, and   use the Excel2016 tool for the statistics section. Based on the findings of the qualitative section, the strengths in the field of cultural tourism management with 23 open source and 4 concept, weaknesses in the field of cultural tourism management with 48 open source and 11concept, as well as sterategies for sustainable tourism development in Kermanshah, it and 26 open source and 7 concept. Prioritization of strengths and weaknesses based on their frequency count showed that: organizational and institutional weaknesses with frequency (45) and weaknesses with advertising (45), most important weaknesses, and appropriate investment capacity with frequency (42) and holding training courses frequently, the most important strengths are in the field of cultural tourism management. In the quantitative part, the prioritization results showed that strategies: Education and culture with final weight (0.227), improving the management status of tourism compliance organizations with final weight (0.198), developing new programs and attitudes with final weights (0.188), facilitating financial support with the ultimate weight (0.163), making citizens with the ultimate weight (0.088), improved infrastructures and facilities with final weight (0.087), improve the advertising position with final weight (0.47), They won until the sevent. Therefore, relying on strengths and overcoming weaknesses in the field of cultural tourism management, and the adoption of strategies in this field, the development of tourism in Kermanshah City was the fundamental steps of harvesting, and control of sustainability in the industry. Also, it is suggested that the organization of tourism trustee in the field of tourism services, from educated people in contexts, tourism, employment and... To use.   Key words: tourism development, Sustainable tourism, cultural tourism, Management, Kermanshah city.

               Abstract    Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate entrepreneurship development indices in Rural tourism cooperatives in Kermanshah province with emphasis on sustainable tourism. Methodology: This study is an applied, quantitative, and descriptive survey method. The statistical population of this study consists of all members of board of directors and managers of rural tourism cooperatives in Kermanshah province with 290 members. According to Cochran formula, 165 people were selected as sample.   The sampling method used in this study was stratified random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and the reliability of the questionnaires was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient and was calculated to be 0.856 which indicates that the questionnaire had good reliability. Then, to analyze the data and test the research hypotheses from descriptive indices (frequency distribution table, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (t-student test) in    software version 25 used. Results: The results of data analysis showed that the most important indicators of entrepreneurship development in the province's tourism co-operatives were economic indicators with average rating (3.40), infrastructure and institutional indicators with average rating (3.23), individual indicators with average. Ranked (3.13) and social and cultural indices averaged 2.83. Conclusions and Recommendations: The findings of this study show that economic indicators are the most important index in tourism development, especially in less developed areas, because people in these areas are low in terms of economy and income diversity. Policymakers and planners in the country should pay more attention to tourism and its importance, especially in less developed areas, such as pristine rural areas, while allocating more funds to these areas for tourism development to provide them with the least possible benefits. Keywords: Cooperatives, Rural Tourism Cooperatives, Entrepreneurial Development Indicators, Kermanshah Province.

AbstractThis research, except for exploratory (qualitative-quantitative) mixed methods research in the field of theory, was designed to design a comprehensive model of academic entrepreneurship ecosystem with open innovation focus and adaptation rate of Razi University to this model. In the qualitative part of the research, content analysis method and grounded theory method were used to analyze the findings.Participants were 15 academic experts and professors with experience in commercialization or writing in the field, selected through snowball sampling. Data gathering tools were in-depth qualitative interviews with open-ended questions and method of data analysis through open, axial and selective coding.Finally, to arrive at a comprehensive model of 15 themes in the academic entrepreneurship ecosystem and in the categories of causal conditions (inter-university funding, extracurricular communication), contextual conditions (external financial contexts, internal educational contexts, macro education system, cultural factors) Macro, intercultural, human capital), intervening conditions (internal support institutions, external support institutions, motivational factors, internal policy, macro policy making), interactions (intra- and extracurricular networking) and outcome (acceptance of third academic mission) And finally the model of the researcher Was presented. In the other part, the barriers to open innovation were identified through in-depth interviews and seven content-based approaches to content analysis.In the quantitative section, the statistical population consisted of faculty members with five years of experience in Razi University, who were selected using proportional stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and extracted from the qualitative section. In the quantitative section, the ranking of the factors of importance at Razi University was performed by Friedman test, and the status of each component was assessed through descriptive findings. That the university is in a better position than the rest in terms of cultural context, educational context, and human resources. Finally, according to the results of the research, the researcher made suggestions regarding the academic entrepreneurship ecosystem and improvement of academic entrepreneurship conditions at Razi University.

The purpose of the present study is to identify, analyze and rank the factors affecting the development of cultural tourism in Kermanshah province using fuzzy AHP and fuzzy DEMTEL and fuzzy TOPSIS approach.This research is applied in terms of purpose and is one of the descriptive-survey research.In this study, 4 dimensions and 20 indicators influencing cultural tourism development in Kermanshah province were selected based on research literature and interviews with experts and experts.The questionnaires were then collected by experts and experts.Analyzes suggest that in prioritizing dimensions, the economic dimension is more concerned with natural, environmental, cultural, social, political, and security dimensions.The economic dimension was identified as the most important dimension, as well as the natural and environmental dimension as the most influential dimension.The analysis of indicators showed that according to tourism experts in Kermanshah province, respectively, indicators of beautiful natural attractions, government investment, numerous historical and archeological attractions, local markets and private sector participation are superior to other indicators.

  Abstract   The present paper intends to read Things Fall Apart and Arrow of God by Chinua Achebe from a Deleuzian perspective. In opposition to a kind of literature which is ‘majoritarian’, this paper attempts to provide an adaptation of a ‘minoritarian’ literature. If the latter is innovatory, non-conformist, and interrogative, the former represents a dominant system of rules. I argue that Achebe, an African, and marginalized novelist whose country was under the domination of the British colonization represents a great literature which is considered minor not because it deals with minority, but because it disrupts and dislocates the long established tradition of two different systems. The findings of this thesis demonstrate that readers of such literature come up with a language which is highly loaded with revolutionary thoughts and ideas. Achebe portrays a variety of mutations in the two novels under study that work toward liberation from subjugation of both tribal and British systems dominating the stories while his attempts result in deterritorialization of both.Keywords: Gilles Deleuze, Chinua Achebe, Things Fall Apart, Arrow of God

Abstract  So far a large number of studies have been carried out to explore different aspects of stickers and graffiti, but very little research has been conducted on t-shirts inscriptions and the messages they convey. Therefore, the current qualitative research has been designed to investigate the t-shirt inscriptions and their messages. The purpose of this study was to categorize the t-shirt inscriptions based on their contents, and investigate the cultural messages they convey. In order to do this study the appraisal framework that was developed by Martin and White (2005) was applied in this research. The data sources in this study were 150 different t-shirt inscriptions which were gathered from the main markets and shopping centers of Kermanshah city. By using Martin and White (2005) appraisal from work, and focusing on the attitude aspect of this framework which is related to the way that people feel and express their feeling it was concluded that the T-shirt inscriptions are categorized into six main categories that were: (1) social relationship, identity, and culture; (2) Religious belief and practices; (3) Advertisement; (4) Drinks and drugs; (5) Offensive Contents; (6) Popular topics. Furthermore, the results of the study concluded that all sorts of cultural, social, and religious messages can be conveyed through the use of T-shirt inscriptions. Some of these messages convey positive, i  iring, life-related advice or some negative and insulting messages for the person who wears the T-shirts and all the people who read the inscriptions on the T-shirts.  Keywords: T-shirt, discourse, globalization, messages, society, identity, culture.

This thesis uses Friedrich Nietzsches philosophy and in particular the notions of Slave Morality and Master Morality, to analyze the characters of Look Back in Anger (2002) by John Osborne and Death of a Salesman (1998) by Arthur Miller. For this purpose, Nietzsches related theories will be briefly presented, and then those theories will be used as touchstones in the analyses of the plays. Morality and moral values are the fundamental aspects of life, and the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche is one of the few thinkers who have challenged these issues in its global dimensions. Nietzsche has carried out a genealogy in two main aspects of morality. One of them is the state of being slave to those moralities which are based on pre-established laws, while the other is about taking control of ones own life through formulating sets of values which resist impositions. Nietzsche (1998) believes that Christianity, through promoting modesty, has systematically destroyed aristocratic values. This has led to the birth of "Resentment" among ordinary people, whom he identifies as "the herd". According to Nietzsche, following pre-written values in vain can nevertheless makes us slaves, and only through Will to Power, one can reach master morality. Nietzsche (2002), however, identifies people with master morality as ‘noble’ and pious, describing them the ones who have devised their own values, while they do not see any need for other peoples approval. He adds that that the nobles believe that they prescribe values to things and, therefore, they are ‘value makers’. That can, therefore, enjoy self-reliance, gaiety, and self-valorization. But the ones with Slave Morality are weak, and are always jealous of the power, and the excellence of the noble. Indeed, in their value system, they are dependent upon others.Understanding Master Morality, Slave Morality, Will to Power and the nobles   independence of will are essential for recognizing the dramatizations of these, and their effects on the characters of Look Back in Anger and Death of a Salesman. Accordingly this thesis considers Willy Loman as an actual low man who cannot bear changes and constantly feels bad toward his upper classes. >Keywords: Nietzsche, John Osborne, Arthur Miller, Look back in Anger, Death of a Salesman