Marzeih Sadeghi

The ongoing global shift towards sustainable energy paradigms has intensified the focus on electrochemical water-splitting technologies as a pivotal route for generating 'green hydrogen. This cutting-edge method is integral to mitigating the global imperative of replacing fossil fuel-derived energy systems and substantially curbing CO? emissions. As the energy landscape evolves towards cleaner and more sustainable alternatives, water electrolysis has emerged as one of the most viable strategies for hydrogen production, owing to its scalability and environmental benefits.   Chapter 1 offers a thorough exploration of the core principles underpinning water electrolysis, examining the fundamental electrochemical processes responsible for the dissociation of water molecules. Furthermore, it presents an exhaustive analysis of the most efficacious catalysts, emphasizing those that have exhibited remarkable performance in improving electrolysis efficiency, durability, and operational stability. This chapter aims to lay the groundwork for a deeper understanding of the intricate nature of electrochemical water-splitting and underscores the indispensable role of catalysts in optimizing the entire process, thereby contributing to the overarching objective of achieving a carbon-neutral energy future. In Chapter 2, zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) was employed as a precursor for the synthesis of Co3S4 via a simple sulfidation technique. The resultant Co3S4 nanostructures were effectively immobilized on the surface of NiTe2 nanoflowers (denoted as NiTe2 NFs@Co9S8/NC nanocomposite), and their catalytic efficiency in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and overall water splitting was extensively investigated. The synthesized NiTe2 NFs@Co9S8/NC nanocomposite demonstrated impressive electrocatalytic performance, exhibiting overpotentials as low as 146 mV for HER and 260 mV for OER at a current density of 50 mA cm-2 in a 1.0 M KOH electrolyte. The integrated alkaline electrolyzer, containing NiTe2 NFs@Co9S8/NC, achieved a low cell voltage of 1.51 V at 10 mA cm-2, significantly enhancing the water-splitting process and maintaining robust stability for 30 hours. This exceptional electrocatalytic activity is attributed to the efficient electron transfer facilitated by the NiTe2 nanoflowers framework, the abundant accessible active sites within the Co3S4, and the synergistic interactions between the composite components. The results from this chapter not only emphasize the potential of NiTe2 NFs@Co9S8/NC nanocomposite for efficient water splitting applications but also outline a promising approach for the development of effective, non-precious metal catalysts for energy conversion and storage, fostering the advancement of scalable and sustainable energy technologies.   

   In this study, the synthesis of a Ce–La/Ca nanocatalyst via the co-precipitation method and its application in biodiesel production through the transesterification of rapeseed oil were investigated. To optimize the process, key parameters affecting the structure and performance of the nanocatalyst—including the molar ratio of precursor materials, precipitation temperature and time, stirring speed during precipitation, pH of the precipitating solution, calcination temperature and time, reaction temperature and time, methanol-to-oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading (wt%)—were considered as independent variables. The optimized catalyst was characterized using various analytical techniques, including XRD, BET, SEM, FT-IR, and EDX. XRD results confirmed the formation of a cubic fluorite crystalline phase. Both XRD patterns and SEM images revealed that the catalyst consists of nanoparticles with an average size of 10–15 nm. The specific surface area was measured to be 6.87 m²/g, indicating a suitable porous structure for efficient transesterification. Under optimal conditions—calcination at 650?°C for 3 h, reaction temperature of 60?°C, reaction time of 4 h, methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 15:1, and 5 wt% catalyst loading—a biodiesel yield of 98.6% was achieved. Additionally, the kinetics and thermodynamics of the transesterification reaction using rapeseed oil and the Ce–La/Ca catalyst were studied. Kinetic and thermodynamic analyses demonstrated that the catalyst exhibits high activity in facilitating the ester exchange reaction, delivering a significant conversion under the aforementioned optimal conditions. Furthermore, the catalyst could be successfully recovered and reused for four consecutive reaction cycles without a significant loss in catalytic activity—a notable advantage with considerable economic and environmental benefits. Subsequently, quantum chemical calculations were performed using Gaussian software, and molecular simulations of biodiesel were carried out using LAMMPS. The optimized molecular geometry of biodiesel was obtained via quantum calculations, and structural parameters such as bond lengths, bond angles, and dihedral angles were determined. The electronic structure of the biodiesel molecule was also analyzed. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were then employed to investigate structural properties—including density, radial distribution function (RDF), and spatial distribution function (SDF)—as well as dynamic properties such as mean squared displacement (MSD) and diffusion coefficient. The simulated density showed excellent agreement with experimental data, differing by only ~0.03 g/cm³, which validates the reliability of the simulation model. RDF analysis further revealed that the strongest intermolecular interactions in the system occur between the carbonyl (C=O) groups and oxygen atoms.

Abstract: In this thesis, simple and novel nano probes were synthesized for the fluorescence-electrochemical detection of Tau protein in Alzheimer’s disease. Chapter 1: This introductory chapter is intended to give a basic overview of the current understanding of CDs and their properties, CDs fluorescent sensing mechanism, ratiometric sensing, and different types of CDs mechanisms. Chapter 2: Dual-emissive CDs were synthesized by incorporating blue-emitting and red-emitting carbon dots. These CDs served as a ratiometric probe for the detection of Tau protein in AD. The resulting material displayed dual emissions with peaks at 502 nm and 634 nm when excited at 410 nm. Consequently, a novel detection method for the Tau protein utilizing the NCND@GO/S.CD@ssDNA sensor was established, featuring detection limits of 1 nM to 50 nM (LOD=5 pM). As a ratiometric fluorescent sensor, NCND@GO/S.CD@ssDNA exhibited remarkable sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of Tau protein in AD. Chapter 3: Reports the fabrication of a sensitive label-free immunosensor for Tau protein based on the Ag NWs and S.CD using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The response of the fabricated immunosensor was proportional to the Tau protein concentration, demonstrating linearity within the range of 70 fg/ml to 70 µg/ml, with a low detection limit (LOD=0.05 pg/ml). The immunosensor also exhibited superior stability, selectivity, and reproducibility.    Keywords: Dual-mode immunosensor, dual-emissive CDs, GO, FRET, Ag nanowire, Alzheimer's Disease, Tau protein.   

   In this study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to analyze the interactions between gold nanoparticles and antidepressant drugs in an aqueous environment. The objective was to investigate the adsorption behavior and dynamic properties of the drug molecules and their interactions within a biological medium. The molecular structures of citalopram and fluoxetine were first optimized using DFT with the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set via Gaussian software. Electronic parameters such as hardness, potential energy, chemical hardness, and frontier orbital energies (EHOMO, ELUMO, Egap) were determined. In the gas phase, the interaction between these drugs and water molecules showed that nitrogen atoms in both fluoxetine and citalopram had stronger hydrogen bonding interactions with the hydrogen atoms of water compared to other atoms. Subsequently, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out under NVT and NPT ensembles using the OPLS force field to evaluate static and dynamic structural parameters such as radial distribution functions, diffusion coefficients, temperature, van der Waals energy, and total energy. Finally, the adsorption of these drug molecules onto gold nanoparticles was simulated. The results demonstrated that hydrogen bonds play a critical role in the structural and dynamic properties of the molecules, with atom HA of fluoxetine and atom HC of citalopram showing the strongest interactions with the gold nanoparticles.

Hollow nanostructures are gaining attention due to their unique architecture, which enhances adsorption efficiency. In this study, a MoS?@Co?S? composite was synthesized via a hydrothermal method using ZIF-67 as a precursor. The hollow Co?S? polyhedrons support uniformly distributed MoS?, preventing aggregation and increasing surface area and active sites. Characterization was conducted using SEM, XRD, FT-IR, N? adsorption-desorption, and EDS mapping. The composite showed excellent adsorption capacities for Methyl Violet (MV) and Victoria Blue (VB) dyes (423 mg/g and 419 mg/g, respectively) in neutral aqueous solutions. Adsorption data fitted well with the Langmuir (R² = 0.99) and Temkin (R² = 0.95) models, suggesting monolayer adsorption and strong electrostatic interactions. Kinetic studies revealed rapid dye uptake, and the material retained performance over five reuse cycles, highlighting its potential in dye wastewater treatment.   

   The evaluation of honey quality and its components, especially sugars, is of great importance. Honey mainly consists of sugars such as fructose and glucose, and the ratio of these sugars can indicate the purity and naturalness of honey. In this study, the analysis and determination of sugars in honey were carried out using colorimetric methods and chemical techniques. In the first part, the amount of sugars in honey samples was measured using the modified Lane-Eynon method and Fehling’s solutions. By applying experimental design, optimal conditions for the reaction were determined. A total of 13 experimental tests were conducted to examine the effects of different reagent volumes and environmental conditions on the reaction response. The results showed that the optimal volumes for Fehling’s solution A and B were 250 µL and 1500 µL, respectively. Additionally, the total reaction time under these conditions was 9 minutes, and the optimal heater temperature was recorded as 69°C. The experiments were performed and RGB values from samples were measured. The calibration curve was plotted in the concentration range of 3×10?? to 1×10?³ M, confirming its linearity. The maximum relative error was less than 1.35%, indicating the high accuracy of the method. Also, the maximum standard deviation was 12.43%, and the maximum relative standard deviation was 7.82%. The color change from blue to red, along with the recorded RGB values, was used as the basis for glucose calculations. The obtained values were compared with standard results, and then sucrose amounts in the samples were determined through hydrolysis. In the second part, compounds such as copper(II) sulfate, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hexacyanoferrate were used to investigate the chemical reaction between copper and sugars present in honey solutions. Following optimization through experimental design and 20 experimental tests, optimal conditions were established. The optimal reagent volumes were found to be 600 µL of copper sulfate solution, 750 µL of sodium hydroxide solution, and 400 µL of potassium hexacyanoferrate solution. The total optimal reaction time was 8 minutes, with the heater temperature again set at 69°C. A color change from green to brown and increased precipitate formation were observed due to glucose concentration variations in the samples. The color change of the solution is considered a qualitative indicator for confirming the presence of reducing sugars in honey samples. Moreover, the intensity of the color change is directly related to the concentration of reducing sugars present in the sample, such that an increase in sugars leads to a higher amount of metallic copper precipitate and consequently, a more intense color change. Additionally, by performing titration on various honey samples, the glucose content is determined. The findings of this research not only aid in the precise identification of sugars in honey but also allow for the assessment of honey quality and authenticity through sugar analysis. These results can be effective in detecting adulterated versus natural honey and improving production and quality control processes.   

has been investigated. Chapter 1, represents the nature, disadvantages and necessity of removing organic dyes from wastewater and different purification method specially adsorption. Chapter 2, reports the preparation of pristine and Fe doped ZIF-8 and their application in removal of organic dyes (brilliant green and malachite green) from aqueous solution. Herein, to improve the removal performance of the ZIF-8, a series of Fe-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Fe-ZIF-8) adsorbents were fabricated by doping Fe ion into the ZIF-8 and mass ratios of the ZIF-8/Fe materials were optimized. Characterizations of materials were carried out by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The dyes removal performance was evaluated based on various experimental parameters including adsorbent dosage, pH, ionic strength, initial dye concentration and contact time. The results showed that pH and salinity had a small effect on the adsorption process of adsorbents, thus providing a possibility for practical application in water purification. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first- and pseudo-second order, Elovich, external and intraparticle diffusion models. It was elucidated that the limiting stages of BG and MG adsorption were controlled by chemical (as confirmed by the regression correlation coefficient of pseudo-second order) and mixed interaction (intraparticle and external) diffusion. The isotherm data were adjusted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The adsorption of dyes onto the ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-8 was consistent with the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption and the maximum adsorption capacity of the ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-8 was found to be 1209.88 mgBG/g, 2941.48 mgMG/g, 2744.40 mgBG/g, and 2737.62 mgMG/g, respectively. In this regard, the Fe doping extremely enhanced the adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 toward BG and synergistically promoted the BG removal kinetic. The large adsorption capacity of triphenylmethane dyes on ZIF-8 might be attributed to ??? stacking interaction. The outstanding adsorption capacity of BG could be ascribed to the high surface area and large pore volume of Fe-ZIF-8 as well as the synergetic effects including surface complexation and ?-? interactions.   

  In the present thesis, thepossibility of using different nanomaterials in fabricating effectiveimmunosensors for rapid diagnosis of prostate cancer has been studied, followedby the construction of the corresponding devices.In Chapter 1, we mainlyfocused on the theoretical information about electrochemical biosensors andimmunosensors based on nanoparticles and nanocomposites.In chapter 2, reports the fabrication of a sensitivelabel-free immunosensor for PSA based on the Au  / polyhedral hollow Co-Cu bimetallicsulfide Nanostructure using differential pulsevoltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedancespectroscopy (EIS).Chapter 3, we introduced a novel-typeelectrochemical immunosensor for the quantitative detection ofprostate-specific antigen (PSA) using square wave voltammetry and amperometric measurements.The results on the applicability of gold nanoparticles/ hollowcobalt-based sulfide polyhedral as a modifier and silver nanowires@ZIF-67nanocomposite (Ag NWs@ZIF-67) as a label in the immunosensor are reported. .

   Abstract: In the present research work, to begin with, a green preparation method was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by hydrothermal method using natural materials of fresh and green skins of walnuts, onions and berries. The average diameter of silver nanoparticles was estimated to be 16 to 22 nm through transmission electron microscopy. In the first work, silver nanoparticles were used to identify types of water with different origins. Based on this, using the image processing method based on the color change of the silver nanoparticles solution after adding different waters to it, it was suggested. To perform the experiments, a plate with a plate was used, and finally, a photo of the plate was taken by a mobile phone camera, and RGB was taken from the photo by image analyzer software, then the RGB data was used to analyze the samples. Based on this method, the accuracy of the data obtained for water samples was 71.7%. In the second work, using chemometry and designing a colorimetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles, a method for detecting the percentage of ethanol in water-ethanol mixture was presented. In this work, by using the plates and taking pictures from them and analyzing the RGB data, the percentage composition of the unknown samples from the water-ethanol mixture was identified.   

   Abstract The presence of heavy metals in drinking water has harmful and harmful effects on human health. Iron is one of the metal ions whose amount affects the water quality. The world health organization has stated that the amount of iron in drinking water is 0.3 mg/L. If iron concentration is increased, it will give an unpleasant taste to the water and higher concentrations indicate the presence of industrial effluents and factory wastewaters. In the first part of this research, a simple and selectable colorimetric method was used to measure Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions. In the first work, in order to detect Fe(II) in water samples of different regions, paper colorimetric sensors based on nanocellulose and phenanthroline and also colorimetric sensors in the glass substrate were used.The recorded images of samples were analyzed with Image Analyzer software to abtain RGB indices. Their plotted curve was linear in the concentration range, 1.0×10-5-1.0×10-3 M with detection limit, 8.75×10-6 M. The relative standard deviation of this method was less than 2% and the relative error was less than 20% for all four samples. In the second work, carbon dots were used to reduce Fe(II) to Fe(III) and form red complex. The plotted curve was 1.0×10-5-1.0×10-3 M, and the detection limit was linear 6.5×10-6 M. The relative standard deviation was less than 1.5% and the relative error for Moallem neighborhood water was 9.1%, Chambashir and Taqbostan rivers were 21.4% and 7.7%. Also the proposed method was used to measure the amount of iron in the rock samples. In the first sample, the percentage of iron was 0.11 % and in the second sample was 0.44 %. The relative error was 25% for the first and 3.3% for the second sample. Also the proposed method was used to measure the amount of iron in the rock samples. In the first sample, the percentage of iron was 0.11 % and in the second sample was 0.44 %. The relative error was 25% for the first and 3.3% for the second sample. Sulfite is one of the most common methods of preserving dried foods. In addition to long-term storage, sulfite is also effective in preserving food color. The world health and food and agriculture organization have determined acceptable daily intake of sulfite for adults 0.7 mg/kg body weight and the allowable amount of sulfite in food is 10 ppm. In the second part of this study, the observed color change due to the reduction of   Fe(III) to Fe(II) and formation of red iron(II) complex with phenanthroline were used to identify and measure sulfite. In the first work, a paper sensor was used to detect and measure sulfite in food samples such as plums, apricots and raisins. The recorded images of samples were analyzed with Image Analyzer software to abtain RGB indices. The plotted curve was linear in the concentration ranges of 1.0×10-5-1.0×10-4 M and 3.0×10-4-1.0×10-2 M. The detection limit was 4.5×10-6. The relative standard deviation for all three samples was less than 2% and the relative error for was less than 15 %. In the second work, paper sensor was used to detect sulfite colorimetric in gas phase (sulfur dioxide). Hydrochloric acid was used to form the gas and to prevent the gas from leaving the adhesive tape. After 5 minutes the color change was observed and the rgb digital images recorded from the samples were obtained. The plotted curve 1.0×10-4-1.0×10-1 M linear and the detection limit was 9.0×10-5. The percentage of relative error was less than 10% for the samples.   

   Mercury ions are not degradable and their abnormal accumulation in the human body can cause various diseases. It is very important to develop a method with excellent performance to identify mercury ions in the environment. The fluorescent probe has attracted much attention due to its excellent properties (eg, easy operation, low detection limit). Composites of carbon dots and organometallic frameworks are emerging as fluorescent sensors due to their ease of synthesis, high selectivity and sensitivity to analytes. Carbon dots and metal organic frameworks sensors combine the advantages of both carbon dots and metal organic frameworks, including the excellent optical properties of carbon dots and high surface area, tunable porosity, and design capabilities of metal organic frameworks, leading to increased performance. In this work, using composites containing carbon dots and organometallic frameworks along with metal nanoclusters, we designed probes that can detect small amounts of mercury.

  In chapter 1, the growing consumption of conventional fossil fuels and accompanying environmental contamination are affecting global society on an unprecedented scale. Consequently, thereis a quite imminent need to fundamentally adjust the world energy landscape and build clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient modern energy systems. As an ideal clean chemical fuel with superb gravimetric energy density and energy conversion efficiency, hydrogen energy is expected to be an excellent candidate to replace traditional fossil fuels. Electrochemical water splitting is considered to-be one of the most promising hydrogen production technologies, and it can utilize electricity generated via renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, and bioenergy, to form a closed loop of renewable energy. Unfortunately, the large-scale commercial application of electrochemical water splitting is subject to the following three restrictions: (i) a larger overpotential than the theoretical value (1.23 V) needed to drive overall water splitting; (ii) the poor stability of electrode materials; and (iii) high cost caused by the scarcity of noble-metal electrocatalysts. To date, the benchmark electro catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are Pt-group- and Ru/Ir-based noble metal materials with small overpotentials and low Tafel slopes. These noble metals can suffer from dissolution, agglomeration, and poor durability during the water splitting process. The design of electrocatalysts with high electrocatalytic activity is of great importance to reduce the overpotential and improve the efficiency of water decomposition.   

  Measuring water hardness using nanocellulose substrate is the goal of our work

   In recent years, electrochemical methods with the help of modified electrodes have become widely popular as simple, cheap, and accurate methods with high sensitivity in measuring drugs. This thesis presents the development, electrochemical characterization, and analytical application studies of two voltammetric sensors developed for the widely used drug Naproxen (NAP). In this thesis, low-cost electrode modifiers developed from anion-doped transition metal compounds and their composites with carbon nanotubes have been investigated. The thesis is divided into three chapters.

Sodium dithionite (Na?S2O4) is a highly reactive white crystalline powder with a sulfur smell. And in particular, it Is used as a strong reducing and bleaching agent in many applications, including biological sciences, textiles, papermaking, and food industries. Lead or silver.The purpose of this research was to measure sodium dithionite in flour and bread samples using silver nanoparticles functionalized with black mulberry. Flour and bread samples purchased from bakeries all over the city were examined. The linear range and detection limit were 0.2 to 5.6 mg and 0.1 liter/mg, respectively. The correlation coefficient (R2=0.958) was close to was 1 and the measurement error of the method is less than 20%.Determination of water hardness is of vital importance for potable water. And also for water used in industrial purposes. Hard water creates a cloudy and undesirable layer on hair, cloth, and glassware.Water hardness is generally caused by barium ions, iron ions, strontium ions, zinc ions, calcium ions, and magnesium ions. Traditionally, total hardness is defined as the sum of the concentrations of calcium ions and magnesium ions in milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate (CaCO? ) is defined.In this method, due to the non-specific but selective behavior of silver nanoparticles synthesized with these ions, successfully to determine the total hardness of water, this is the same event that occurs in standard titrimetry, it is possible to determine the hardness of silver nanoparticles prepared All the water used. The color changes of silver nanoparticles in the presence of different water samples were confirmed, which Is a good indicator of the hardness of the whole water samples. This method was used quantitatively and semi-quantitatively to determine the hardness of all water samples.Next, PLS was used for the first time to directly determine the total hardness of water samples.Sodium hydrogen carbonate or sodium bicarbonate with the formula (NaHCO?) is one of the sodium salts combined with carbonic acid, where only one acidic hydrogen of this compound is replaced by sodium. This composition Is odorless and tasteless, it has a slightly pungent effect and is in the form of a white or crystalline powder, and it is called baking soda. Bicarbonate is moisture absorbent and deodorizer. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is also used to make bread dough porous.In this work, to measure sodium bicarbonate, silver nanoparticles were first synthesized from black mulberry quantum dots. The linear range obtained from the method is 2 to 6.5 mg and the limit of detection is 0.1 liter/mg, the measurement error The method for the real sample is 15%.Keyword: sodium dithionite, sodium bicarbonate, baking soda, flour, bread, silver nanoparticles, quantum dots, water hardness, colorimetry 

120 In the first work of this project cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were first prepared by acid hydrolysis and its structure was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM). Measurement of hypochlorite ion was used in water samples. Under optimal conditions, the standard deviation of the method for 5 repetitions equals 9.48%, and the linear range, detection limit, and quantification limit of the method were 0.01 to 0.18 wt%, 0.007 wt% and 0.01 wt%, respectively for Red color changes Also, the detection lmit and quantification limit for Green color changes was equal to 0.007wt% and 0.024 wt% and for Blue color it was equal to 0.013 wt% and 0.043 wt%.

  ulfite is widely

  Electrochemical water-splitting technology for producing “green hydrogen” has attracted increasing attention to the global mission to replace fossil fuel-based energy sources and reduce CO2 emissions. Briefly, an introduction to water electrolysis and a review of effective catalysts are presented in chapter 1. In Chapter 2, we adopted zeolitic imidazolate frameworks-8 (ZIF-8) as the precursor to fabricate ZnS-MOF via facile sulfidation processes. The ZnS-MOF nanostructures were anchored on the surface of the nickel nanowire (denoted as Ni NW@ZnS-MOF nanohybrids) and their catalytic activity for HER, OER, and overall water splitting were studied. The prepared Ni NW@ZnS-MOF revealed a low overpotentials value of 90 and 260 mV at 10 mA cm?2 for HER and OER in 1.0 M KOH solution, respectively. The alkaline electrolyzer assembled by Ni NW@ZnS-MOF provides a low cell voltage of 1.61 V at 10 mA cm?2 current density to boost the overall water splitting and robust stability for 15 h. The superior electrocatalytic activity of Ni NW@ZnS-MOF is due to the facile and effective electron transfer of Ni NW, accessible active sites of ZnS-MOF, and as well as the synergistic effect of the hybrid structures. This finding provides a synthesis strategy to fabricate an efficient free-noble metal catalyst for energy conversion and storage. Achieving the rational design of nanostructures for efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for green energy utilization. Chapter 3 synthesized the ZnxFe3-xS4 hollow spheres derived from ZnFe-zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZnFe-ZIFs) through solvothermal sulfidation with superior OER activity and stability. The ZnxFe3-xS4 electrocatalyst delivers superior OER activity: it requires only low overpotentials of 235 and 285 mV to achieve current densities of 10 and 50 mA cm?2, respectively, as well as a small Tafel slope of 72 mV dec?1. In an alkaline solution, the hollow ZnxFe3-xS4 nanospheres exhibit exceptional durability in the multi-step chronoamperometry test for 20 h. This work offers a blueprint for the design and synthesis of stateof- the-art sulfide-based OER catalysts.

   In the present thesis, the possibility of using different nanomaterials in fabricating effective immunosensors for rapid diagnosis of prostate cancer has been studied, followed by the construction of the corresponding devices. In Chapter 1, we mainly focused on the theoretical information about electrochemical biosensors and immunosensors based on nanoparticles and nanocomposites. In chapter 2, a novel sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was introduced for the quantitative detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using amperometric measurements. The results on the applicability of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nanoparticles (Au  ) as a modifier and gold-silver nanoclusters (Au-Ag NCs) as a label in the immunosensor are reported. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used for the characterization of the modified electrode. The linearity of the immunosensor at the very low concentration range (100.0 fg/ml to 10.0 µg/ml) and a low detection limit (LOD) of 56.01 fg/ml confirmed its high sensitivity for PSA. Chapter 3, reports the fabrication of a sensitive label-free immunosensor for PSA based on the rGO and iron-copper layered double hydroxide (Fe-Cu LDH) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The modification of the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) with the suggested nanocomposite enhanced its response to PSA and achieved a low LOD of 63.24 fg/ml. Further, the proposed structure was studied by computational, morphological, and electrochemical analysis. In conclusion, this thesis wants to serve as a potential orientation for overcoming the shortcomings of the current prostate cancer testing and contribute towards the development of effective immunosensors for PSA biomarker detection and hopefully enhance the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.

In this thesis, the possibility of using three differentMagnetic nanocomposites to preparation adsorbents for removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from water hasbeen investigated. In the first work,magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4/rGO/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2) including of graphene oxide (GO), layered double hydroxide (LDH),magnetite (Fe3O4), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) were prepared viaa hydrothermal process and effectively applied for the removal of metal Hg2+ions from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterizedby Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman,scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET. Results showedthat the MoS2 layers had been successfully grown on the surface of LDH and rGO layers. All measurements were performed by electrothermal atomicabsorption spectroscopy (EAAS). Differentfactors (the pH, adsorbent dosage,initial concentration) affecting the removal process were studied. The adsorptionkinetic curves for Hg2+ ions fitted well with the pseudo-secondorder model. The adsorption isotherms were well described using Langmuirisotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm)for Fe3O4/rGO/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2 were calculated to be 544, and 289 (mg.g-1) respectively.In the second work, magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH) were prepared by ahydrothermal method and characterized using different tools such as SEM, XRD, FTIR and BET. Then, they were appliedfor removal of bisphenol A(BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP),estrone (E1) and 17?-estradiol (E2) as examples of organic analytes. All measurements were performed by high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC). Some parameters influencing the removal such as pH, dosage of adsorbent and initial concentration of organic analytes were optimized. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models werewell-fitted with the experimental adsorption data.  

  In this research, measuring the concentration of ammonia and sodium dithionite with a simple and low-cost method has been investigated. For this purpose, a number of experiments have been designed and conducted under standard conditions. Also, a comparison between the accuracy of the mentioned method with the concentration values ??recorded on a number of real samples has been researched. Investigating and measuring the concentration of the substances in question has been done using colorimetric and spectrophotometric methods. The evaluation of the obtained statistical parameters has been calculated using the methods of analysis of variance, RMS and error percentage. The obtained results indicate that salicylate and hypochlorite are effective in changing the color of the solution containing ammonia. Also, the sensitivity of the proposed method in determining the concentration of sodium dithionite in the discussed research was evaluated favorably.

  isphenol A [1] is a group of known endocrine disrupting compounds [2] and is an industrial chemical that is organic and toxic in aqueous media, such as: surface water, groundwater, Sewage, runoff, and waste disposal leachate have been identified and are major applications in the production of polycarbonate plastics in food storage containers such as water bottles and baby feeding bottles, food and beverage lining, and resin production. Has epoxy. The main problem in using this substance is its migration to the food inside the containers that contain bisphenol A and in the long run can cause serious problems such as thyroid disorders, blood pressure disorders and cardiovascular diseases, negative effects on reproductive factors. Men, obesity and .... Therefore, the identification of this toxic substance and its isolation and measurement in order not to exceed the permissible concentration for the human body is of great chemical importance. 1- In the first work, in order to identify and measure bisphenol A using a simple and practical method, a silver nanoparticle detector [3] with different carbon dots was used. In this work, first, environmental conditions such as acidic, alkaline or neutral environment, selection of carbon dot walnut, as well as the order of addition of reagents were optimized; Alkaline, nanoparticles made of walnut shell carbon and the order of adding the reagents are as follows: 1. H2O & BPA- 2.NaOH- 3.Ag   In this method, the standard deviation of 0.04, the detection limit was about 0.92 micrograms per liter. 2- In the second work, in order to identify and measure bisphenol A using a simple and practical method, other grease reactants [4] were used as an indicator for bisphenol A. In this method, various conditions such as the selection of the reactant and the order of addition of materials were optimized. Finally, 2-nitroaniline, sodium nitrite, chloric acid and sodium carbonate were used to identify bisphenol A using the following order: 1. (HCl + NaNO2 + 2-NitroAnilin) ??- 2.BPA -3.Na2CO3 The standard deviation in this method was 0.01, the detection limit was calculated to be about 0.65 micrograms per liter. 3. In the third work, polymeric adsorbents were used to remove bisphenol A from aqueous media. In order to be simple, practical, cheap and available, the polymer adsorbent selected was polyurethane (sponge [5]). Was calculated on the adsorbent g. 4. In the fourth work, in order to separate bisphenol A from aqueous media, activated carbon was used as the adsorbent. At room temperature, at pH = 10 and for 35 minutes using 0.04 g of adsorbent, the adsorption capacity of bisphenol A by activated carbon was 16.66 mg / g of adsorbent. Also, for desorption of bisphenol A from activated carbon, ethanol solution was used for washing. [1] BPA [2] ECDs [4] griss [5] spong

   Wrinkles and sagging skin are one of the most important reasons to see a dermatologist. These two are among the disorders that the skin experiences physiologically sooner or later. Amino acids are active compounds that are the raw materials of collagen and elastin and are therefore used in the treatment of skin diseases and to hydrate and rejuvenate the skin; In this study, the amino acids arginine, serine, proline, phenylalanine, histidine and alanine were used in the formulation    In traditional Iranian medicine, three herbs, artichoke and yarrow, have been introduced as anti-wrinkle compounds for the skin, and these plants have been used as extracts. Different basic formulations were tested to make the cream. After selecting the appropriate base, the final product was made using extracts of chives, artichokes and yarrow. Different basic formulations were tested to make the cream. After selecting the appropriate base, the final product was made using extracts of chives, artichokes and yarrow.

Chapter 1: In this chapter, we briefly review direct methanol fuel cells and the most effective anode catalysts for methanol oxidation. Chapter 2: The lack of low-cost, environmental friendly and efficient electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in DMFCs has restricted its industrialization; thus, the suggestion of a suitable electrocatalyst can be helpful to solve this problem. Herein microsphere-like the flower of undoped CuS and doped with different percentages of nickel was examined as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The obtained results from different electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry showed that the secondary metal doping (in here Nickel), has an egregious effect in electrocatalytic activity improvement. In comparison with undoped CuS and other percentages doped of nickel in CuS (3, 10%), the oxidation current density of methanol was increased on 5% Ni-doped CuS (j~ 140mAcm-2 in 1M methanol); in addition, the electrocatalyst with this percent of nickel (5%) was indicated the lower onset potential than the other electrocatalysts. The good current density and also, the excellent stability (during 6000s) of this electrocatalyst made us to further its investigation toward methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Chapter 3: A composed structure of MnO2 and (Ni-Cu) sulfide nanospheres as an efficient electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction in alkaline media (0.5M KOH) is suggested here. A simple hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of both (Ni-Cu) sulfide and (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 electrocatalysts. The final electrocatalyst ((Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2) was investigated by different methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The electrocatalytic behavior of (Ni-Cu) sulfide nanospheres and (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 composite toward MOR was examined by different electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry. The outcome indicated that the (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 composite relative to (Ni-Cu) sulfide had lower onset potential toward MOR ,and it showed the higher stability (for 6000s). The MnO2 fabrication on bimetal sulfide of (Ni-Cu) is the responsible for enhancement in the electrocatalytic properties of the proposed composite. It seems that the present work has been able to show the performance of MnO2 as a component of a composite in the manufacture of effective catalysts for methanol oxidation.  

   In the first part of this research, a simple hydrothermal method for the green synthesis of carbon dots from green walnut skin is presented. Then, silver nanoparticles were prepared by carbon dots prepared from green walnut skin by green synthesis method. In the second part of the research, using the interaction of silver nanoparticles with anions, cyanide and iodide ions were identified and measured in different real samples. The effect of various factors on increasing the interaction of nanoparticles and ions and thus increasing the adsorption of solutions was investigated and optimized.The basis of this method is to change the adsorption rate of silver nanoparticle solution in the presence of different concentrations of cyanide and iodide ions.RE(Random error) for measuring cyanide ion in university well and laboratory water samples was reported to be 6.7% and 8.03%, respectively.RE(Random error) has also been reported to measure iodide ions in laboratory and spring water samples at 1.7% and 5.95%, respectively.

Today, human relationship with the environment is in crisis. This crisis is caused by inappropriate intervention, exploitation and profiteering destruction in the environment and has harmful effects on humans and the environment. Pollution caused by heavy metal ions such as mercury, which is daily increasing in amount and emission by the progress of industry, is one of the most important and dangerous environmental pollutants. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the maximum allowable amount of mercury in drinking water in the range of 0.006-0.002 mg / l, so sensitive and selective methods are very necessary to estimate the amount of mercury in aqueous environment. Among the organo-mercury compounds, dimethyl mercury (Hg (CH3) 2) is the most toxic compound because it can easily penetrate into living cells and pass through the membrane. [2] In aqueous media, bacteria convert mercury to dimethyl mercury. By digesting this compound by humans, their body notices noticeable complications such as neuronal damage. For example, when it enters the body of the pregnant mother, this compound enters the placenta and targets the fetal brain, causing the fetus to not grow. Over the years, many efforts have been made to develop effective methods for the detection of Hg2 + [3-4]. Among the various analysis methods available for the determination of Hg2 +, nano-based colorimetric methods are among the simplest and most accessible ones. Metal nanoparticles are bright and shiny due to the superficial plasmon resonance, which is a very desirable phenomenon for colorimetric sensors to detect Hg2 +. Silver nanoparticles are of particular interest because they are cheaper than gold nanoparticles and have higher extinction coefficients [5].   Iodat   and iodine are the two main forms of iodine in seawater. Until 1988, the main methods for measuring iodine species in seawater were the irreversible wave analysis of 5 electrons of iodat using differential pulse polarography or IO3 colorimetric measurements after conversion to I3 in acidic solution. Total iodine is measured chemically and photochemically by the conversion of iodide and organic iodine compounds to iodate. The colorimetric method is also a new method for detecting iodides using silver nanoparticles and nanoplates. The colorimetric method is to find the critical color in the color change process. Using this method, 0.1 M iodide can be detected in less than 30 minutes using the naked eye. In addition, this measurement has appropriate accuracy and stability [6-8]. Since iodine plays an important role in thyroid health, its accurate and sensitive measurement is important for improving thyroid health, controlling the thyroid gland, and treating thyroid cancer [9].   

   Quantum dots are semiconductor nanocrystals that have tunable emission through changes in their size. Producing bright, efficient quantum dots with stable fluorescence is important for using them in applications in lighting, photovoltaics, detection, and biological imaging. This study designed to optimize the process for coating CdTe quantum dots with a ZnS to increase their fluorescence and stability and using of CdTe/ZnS for analytical application. Core-shell CdTe/ZnS quantum dots with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as stabilizer were successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method in aqueous solution. These quantum dots have advantages compared to usual quantum dots with limited biological applications and high toxicity. Corresponding experimental results revealed that the fluorescence of MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs could be effectively quenched by increasing NR and the photo luminescence (PL) of QDs was into turn –off, the static quenching was quenching mechanism that occurred between NR and QDs. After the addition of Naproxen, the strong covalent conjugation between NR and Naproxen allowed NR to form more stable complex with Naproxen, and separated from the surface of MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS QDs, thus, the QDs turned-on and the fluorescence intensity of QDs recovered .The detection limits of naproxen was 5.12×10-6mol.l-1 .The interactions of Naproxen , neutral red (NR) and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) capped MPA-TGA-CdTe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) made a solid base for the controlling of the fluorescent reversible of QDs. This research characterized by means of Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible absorption, fluorescence (FL), spectroscopy and High Resolution transmission electron microscopy.

جيوه كه آن را سمياب هم مي نامند عنصر شيميايي است، كه در جدول تناوبي داراي عدد اتمي 80 مي باشد. جيوه كه فلزي سبك، نقره اي، سمي و جز عناصر واسطه مي باشد يكي از دو عنصري است كه در دماي معمولي اتاق حالت مايع دارد. جيوه را چيني ها و هندي هاي باستان شناخته بودند. در گورهاي متعلق به 1500 سال قبل از ميلاد يافت شدند. يونانيان از اين فلز سمي در پمادها و روميان در لوازم آرايشي استفاده كردند. بيشترين كاربرد جيوه در ساخت مواد شيميايي، صنعتي وكاربرد برقي و الكتريكي است. وجود غلظت هاي قابل ملاحظه جيوه در آب معمولا در اثر تخليه پساب هاي معدني، صنعتي و كشاورزي اتفاق مي افتد. جيوه به شدت سمي است اگر خورده شود منجر به ضايعات مغزي و كبدي مي شود، جيوه به راحتي از طريق بافت هاي پوستي، تنفسي و گوارشي جذب مي شود و تاثير بسيار بدي روي لثه و دندان مي گذارد. [5]  سايز نانو مواد باعث خواص فيزيكي و شيميايي ويژه و متفاوتي از مواد حجيم و يا ذرات بزرگ مي شود. مواد در مقياس نانو مفيدتر و با صرفه تر از مواد بزرگ و حجيم هستند. نانوذرات مساحت سطحي بالاتري نسبت به حجم دارند كه منجر به افزايش واكنش مي شوند. نانوذرات فلزي مثل طلا، مس، روي و نقره به علت سطح بزرگتر نسبت به حجم شان پتانسيل اثر ضد باكتري قوي دارند. از ميان همه اين ها ثابت شده كه نانوذره نقره موثرترين عامل ضدميكروبي بر عليه باكتري ها، ويروس ها و ساير ميكروارگانيزم هاي يوكاريوتي هستند. امروزه با فن آوري نانو توانسته اند نقره فلزي را به شكل ذراتي با سايز كمتر از 100 نانومتر به دست آورند كه حاوي حدود1000 تا 1500 اتم نقره است. كه آن ها را نانوذرات نقره مي نامند. نانوذرات نقره با قطر 5   نانومتر مي توانند تكثير ويروس ايدز و ويروس آنفلوآنزا را نيز مهار نمايند. روش هاي مختلفي براي سنتز نانوذرات   نقره وجود دارد ولي استفاده از گياهان به دليل هزينه كم، سازگاري با محيط و غيرسمي بودن بسيار مورد توجه قرار مي گيرد. [11]بنابراين در مطالعه حاضر يك روش ساده و دقيق براي اندازه گيري جيوه موجود در آب را با استفاده از سنتز سبز نانوذرات نقره تهيه شده با عصاره زغال اخته معرفي مي كنيم.     نيترات يك يون چند اتمي بي رنگ، بي بو و بدون طمع كه جز از راه آزمايش قابل تشخيص نيست. نيترات به صورت طبيعي در آب آشاميدني و زيرزميني وجود دارد. در صنعت كشاورزي از نيترات سديم و نيترات پتاسيم به عنوان كود شيميايي استفاده مي شود. مطالعات انجام شده در كلمبيا نشان داده كه رابطه معني داري بين شيوع سرطان معده و غلظت نيترات در آب آشاميدني وجود دارد. چهار منشا براي بالا بردن ميزان نيترات در آب ها مي توان پيشنهاد داد :   مواد چاه هاي فاضلاب خانگي و مواد زايد شهري كه به روش غير بهداشتي دفع مي شوند، كودهاي شيميايي و فضولات حيواني- انساني، انحلال نهشته هاي تبخيري يا خاك هاي غني از نيترات، تثبيت زيستي نيتروژن در خاك توسط باكتري ها و سپس انحلال آن در آب. سازمان جهاني بهداشت مقدار مجاز نيترات در آب را 50   ميلي گرم بر ليتر و براي اطفال 15 ميلي گرم بر ليتر اعلام كرده است. [18

امروزه رسيدن به پاسخ در زمان بسيار كم و در محيط مورد نظر از اهميت الاي برخوردار است. سنسورها اين ويژگي را دارند. كه در زمان بسيار كوتاه و در محيط مورد نظر پاسخ لازم را بدهند. علم شيمي نيز مانند ديگر علوم در سيطره سنسورها قرا گرفته است. اين سنسور ها در شيمي انواع مختلفي دارند كه همه آن ها در يك ويژگي مشترك هستن وآن پيگيري تغيرات ويژگي مورد بررسي است. نوعي خاصي از سنسورهاي شيمي كه تغيرات خواص الكتريكي گونه مورد پيگيري   را دنبال ميكند را سنسورهاي الكتروشيميايي مينامند. سنسورهاي الكتروشيميايي داراي ساختاري ساده براي اندازه گيري گونه هاي مختلف مثل يونها،مولكول ها،آلوادگي هاو داروها   مثل ديكلوفناك و...استفاده مي شوند. انچه اهميت دارد طراحي يك سنسورمناسب براي گونه مورد نظر است .اين كار با كمك نانوذرات مختلف براي افزايش سيگنال الكتريكي و همچنين گزينش پذير كردن سيگنال گونه مورد نظر استفاده مي شود. ما در اين ساختارها از نانوذرات كربني براي افزايش سطح و همچنين افزايش سيگنال الكتريكي استفاده كرديم. از كاربرد ديگر نانوذرات اين است كه مي توانند به عنوان يك اتصال دهنده مانند كوانتوم دات ها استفاده شوند. اگر درساختاار سنسورها از يك جز زيستي استفاده شود به آن ها بايوسنسورگفتتهه مي شود و اگر اين جز يك رشته اي DNAباشد ان را اپتاسنسور((aptasensorگويند.براي اندازه گيري كوكايين و سالمونلا دو اپتاسنسور الكتروشيميايي طراحي شد. اين اپتاسنسور داراي حساسيت بالاو گزينش پذيري در تشخيص كوكايين و سالمونلا بودند. در اين كار از الكترود ITO  استفاد شد براي افزايش سطح و همچنين تثبيت كوالانسي رشته اي DNA  سطح الكترود را باكمك روش تبخير گرمايي توسط طلا اصلاح كرديم. در نيتيجه اين كار و با تغيرات غلطت گونه جريان ثبت شده تغغير مي كند با ايجاد منحني كاليبراسيون پي به غلظت گونه در نمونه هاي مورد بررسي شديم. همچنين گزينش پذيري اپتاسنسور را در حضور گونه هاي مشابه بررسي كرديم و نتايج حاصل نشان دهنده كارايي بالا اپتاسنسور هاي طراحي شده بود.  

   اين پايان نامه حاوي دو پروژه تحقيقاتي مي باشد كه چكيده آن ها در زير آورده شده است:    در بخش اول اين پايان نامه،الكترود كربني شيشه اي با نانولوله هاي كربني چند ديواره ، نانوذرات طلا وپليمر اسيدآمينه سرين   اصلاح شد. مطالعه الكترود اصلاح شده توسط روش ميكروسكوپي الكتروني روبشي FESEM ، EDS ، ولتامتري چرخه اي و طيف سنجي امپدانس الكتروشيميايي وجود يك نانوكامپوزيت رسانا بر روي سطح الكترود را نشان داد. در حضور پروژسترون ، يك پيك اكسيداسيون مشخص به دست آمد كه در پتانسيلهاي كمتري نسبت به الكترود اصلاح نشده ظاهر شد. تركيبات الكترود و شرايط آزمايشگاهي براي تعيين حساس پروژسترون بهينه شدند. يك منحني كاليبراسيون خطي در گستره غلظتي(Mµ0.001-2.0 ياng/ml 0.31 - 636) و حد تشخيص   nM0.2 ( ng/ml0.063) بر اساس( S / N = 3) بدست آمد. تكرارپذيري روش با انجام 6   اندازه گيري تكراري از پروژسترون (1) بر حسب انحراف استاندارد نسبي %RSD   ... محاسبه گرديد. تكثير پذيري روش با تهيه ... الكترد با روش مشابه و اندازه گيري پروژسترون (...مولار) بر حسب %RSD بدست آمد. الكترود اصلاح شده ،در تعيين پروژسترون در نمونه هاي سرم خون انسان و نيز در فرآورده دارويي (آمپول) با موفقيت به كار رفت.       در بخش دوم، يك آپتا حسگر براي اندازه گيري حساس و گزينشي پروژسترون استفاده شد. الكترود كربني شيشه اي با گرافن اكسيد احيا شده ، نانوذرات طلا،پليمر اسيدآمينه آرژنين و آپتامر اصلاح شد. خصوصيات الكترود اصلاح شده توسط FESEM   ،EDS، FTIRطيف سنجي زير قرمز-تبديل فوريه   ولتامتري چرخه اي و طيف سنجي امپدانس الكتروشيميايي بررسي شد ووجود يك نانوكامپوزيت رسانا بر روي سطح الكترود را نشان داد. در حضور پروژسترون ، يك پيك اكسيداسيون مشخص به دست آمد كه در پتانسيل هاي كمتري نسبت به الكترود اصلاح نشده ظاهر شد. تركيب الكترود و شرايط آزمايشگاهي براي تعيين حساس   و گزينشي پروژسترون بهينه شدند. يك منحني كاليبراسيون خطي در طيف گسترده اي (nM     0.083   86.69 ng/mL 0.028–300) و حد تشخيص     M 0.03 ( ng/ml0.009) بر اساس( S / N = 3) بدست آمد. . تكرارپذيري روش با انجام ... اندازه گيري تكراري از پروژسترون (...مولار) بر حسب انحراف استاندارد نسبي %RSD   ... محاسبه گرديد. تكثير پذيري روش با تهيه ... الكترد با روش مشابه و اندازه گيري پروژسترون (...مولار) بر حسب %RSD بدست آمد. الكترود اصلاح شده ،در تعيين پروژسترون در نمونه هاي سرم خون انسان، فرآورده دارويي (آمپول) و نمونه هاي شير باموفقيت به كار رفت.

  The preparation of carbon dots using the green method is used in many researches due toUniquq   roperties such as low toxicity, high water solubility, easy surface modification,Strong     rooting, good biocompatibility, easy and cost-effective preparation, and chemicalstability.   In ihis research, a green and simple carbon dots preparation method was presentedusing   apple as a natural source without the need for surface and oxidant inactivationagents or mineral salts. The formation of carbon dots with an average size of 8.64 nmwas confirmed by TEM (Electron Microscopy). FTIR spectrometer showed device presence ofcarbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid groups. and a double carbon bond on the carbon-surface.In the second work, a simple and cost effective method for spectrophotometric determinationof sulfide is proposed. The Bear law is followed at the wavelength of 427 nm and in aconcentration range of 0.99-9.8 ppm sulfide in the presence of silver nanoparticles.Thismethod   was used to determine sulfide in Qar-e-sou water samples and Mirage Ghanbar.RSD (relative standard deviation) and RE (relative error) were found to be less than 10% forDetermination of sulfide in real samples. In the third work, for the determination of dithionitein the presence of silvernanoparticles, a spectrophotometric method was introducedDetermination at a wavelength of 420 nm was carried out in a concentration range of 0.562-8.317 ppm of dithionite. This method was used for determination of dithionite in flour sampleRSD (relative standard deviation) and RE (relative error) were found to be less 10% fordetermination of dithionite in real samples.

Recently, inorganic pigments have become a subject of extensive scientific investigation. In the synthesis of these pigments an optimal, uniform particle size is important because it influences gloss, hiding power, tinting strength, and lightening power. Silica can be easily and controllably made with spherical morphology from the nano- to micrometer size. If the silica spheres are coated with layers of pigments, a kind of composite pigment material with spherical morphology will be obtained, and the size for the pigment particles can be controlled by size of the silica. Furthermore, because silica is cheaper than most pigments, these composite pigments will be cheaper than the pure pigments per unit mass. Organic coatings are employed in order to protect the metal structures against corrosion. The coatings act as physical barrier between the metal surface and the corrosive environment restricting the corrosive species diffusion into the metal surface. However, the electrolyte permeation into the coating matrix causes coating damage and creation of pores. This means that the degraded coating could not provide long term corrosion protection properties. Therefore, different kinds of anticorrosive pigments can be added to the coating matrix to improve its anticorrosion properties. The corrosion protection properties of the pigments depend on the chemical nature, shape and size of the pigments. Silica and silicate materials have also shown to have potentially interesting anti-corrosive properties. Therefore, in this thesis, we used different silica sources, including calcium silicate, rice husk ash, nano silica and aerosil silica and aims to synthesize pigments containing CoWO4 and CoAl2O4 for paints intended for corrosion protection of steel  

  Abstract Chloroform is a colorless and odorless liquid and is non-flammable with special smell. This compound has applications is laboratory and industry. The purpose of this study was to determine chloroform in various water samples using two simple colorimetric methods based on the fuji­wara and resorcinol reaction. The variables of this study included time, sodium hydroxide concentration, volumes sodium hydroxide, resorcinol and pyridine. All of the variables were optimized of by experimental design. The samples use for determining of chloroform include drinking water and pool water. The linear concentration range and detection limit obtained by first method using pyridine were 0.0089-1.39 mg/L and 0.0087mg/L respectively, and the linear concentration range and detection limit obtained by second method using resorcinol were 0.007 mg/L and 0.011-1.195 mg/L, respectively. In both methods, relative standard deviation and relative error for determination of chloroform in real samples were less than 10%. These two methods can be used as simple and fast methods for determination of chloroform the method have low cost and can be used to check the quality control of the water in terms of the amount of chloroform in water survey. In the third work, a simple and cost-effective method for the determination of arsenic by spectrophotometry based on the variation of absorbance of silver nanoparticles in the presence of arsenic was proposed. In this work, firstly silver nanoparticles were synthesized by tobacco carbon dots. The linear range and detection limit of method for the determination of arsenic were 0.1-10 mg/L and 0.1 mg/L, respectively.   Relative standard deviation and relative error for determination of arsenic in real rice samples were less than 10%.  

preparation of Fe3o4@Sio2~Pr-NH-L-Proline/Cu(OAc)2 as a highly efficient magnetic nanocatalyst and its application in the synthesis of B-Phosphonomalonates and 2-Imidazolines was carried out in this project .The 2-Imidazolines were prepared from nitriles and ethylenediamin .Both of reaction performed in reflux conditions. High yield of product and easy workup are some of advantages it this work.

  The interaction of SnMe2Cl2(bu2bpy)complex with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) has been explored following, using spectroscopic methods, viscosity measurements, Atomic force microscopy, Thermal denaturation and Molecular docking . It was found that Sn(IV) complex could bind with DNA via intercalation mode as evidenced by hyperchromism and bathochromic in UV–Vis spectrum; these spectral characteristics suggest that the Sn(IV) complex interacts with DNA most likely through a mode that involves a stacking interaction between the aromatic chromophore and the base pairs of DNA. In addition, the fluorescence emission spectra of intercalated methylene blue (MB) with increasing concentrations of SnMe2Cl2(bu2bpy) represented a significant increase of MB intensity as to release MB from MB-DNA system. Positive values of ?H and ?S imply that the complex is bound to ct-DNA mainly via the hydrophobic attraction. Large complexes contain the DNA chains with an average size of 859nm were observed by using AFM for Sn(IV) Complex–DNA. The Fourier transform infrared study showed a major interaction of Sn(IV) complex with G-C and A-T base pairs and a minor perturbation of the backbone PO2 group. Addition of the Sn(IV)complex results in a noticeable rise in the Tm of DNA. In addition, the results of viscosity measurements suggest that SnMe2Cl2(bu2bpy) complex may bind with the >Excellent agreement was obtained between the experimental and theoretical results with respect to the binding forces and binding constant.

  Multicomponent reactions have long ago considered. A three-component reaction between aldehyde, malononitrile and 1,3-Bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-imidazol-2-ylidene leads to the synthesis of 1H-chromeno[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives. The properties of this reaction are use of simple and readily available starting materials, experimental simplicity, and possibility of automation, favourable economic factors, and environment lover.

  Abstract:Carbon dots (C-dots) are a new OH, -COOH and the bond C=C of aromatic on the carbon dots surface. The green tea carbon dots exhibit UV-Vis absorption at 275nm. Upon the maximum excitation at 340 nm, The synthesized CDs emitted bright green fluorescence centered at 480 nm.  In ­  hy;the second work, a simple analytical probe for the spectrophotometric determination of iron (III) based on measuring the absorbance of the complex formed between CDs and Fe3+ was developed. The behavior of various factors which affect the reaction i.e. concentration of carbon dots and pH were investigated by central composite design (CCD). Beer's law was found to be followed in concentration range of Fe3+ as 1- 900 ?M at 335 nm in presence of the green tea carbon dots with a correlation coefficient of (R2 =0.9977) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.2?M. To explore the practical application of our method for Fe3+ ion detection in a real water sample, we studied three water samples, well water, Niloofar and Yavari wetland waters. The RSD (relative standard devation) and RE (relative error) in determination of iron in real samples was lower than 10%.In third work, a facile and economical method for the spectrophotometric determinationof lead based on measuring the absorbance of the complex formed between Pb2+ andCDs was developed. This probe exhibited a great linear response (R2 = 0.9984) towards Pb2+ in the concentration range of 1- 900 ?M with a detection limit of 0.57?M. This methodwas applied to determine lead in well, Niloofar and Yavari wetland water samples. The RSD (relative standard devation) and RE (relative error) in determination of lead in real samples was lower than 5%.In fourth work, a sensor array was designed to detect various types of water. Several water samples were used in this work: Tagh bostan, Niloofar and Yavari wetland water samples. The basis of this method is that, various water samples interact differently with the mixture of cations and CDs. The color change resulting from this interaction is recorded by the digital camera and the RGB color code was obtained using Get Data Graph Digitizer software. The data was evaluated using two methods of chemometrics: HCA (Hierarchical Cluster Analysis) and LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis). Both of methods differentiated the different types of water correctly.

  In this work, a simple, sensitive, selective and green spectrophotometric method for determination of cefixime was proposed. The method is based on the aggregation and subsequent decrease in absorbance of Ag  . A green approach was employed to synthesis of CDs. Firstly, carbon dots (CDs) were prepared using apple by hydrothermal method and using reducing ability of CDs, Ag   were synthesized. CDs and Ag   were characterized by FT-IR, TEM, XRD and UV-VIS spectrophotometric methods. In order to use the synthesized Ag   for cefixime determination, pH and time were optimized. Maximum decrease in absorbance of Ag   in presence of cefixime was observed at pH=7 and 40 minute. In determination of cefixime, a calibration curve in the concentration range of 1.2-14.8 ppm of cefixime was obtained. Detection limit of the method was 0.6 ppm. The proposed method was successfully applied for determination of cefixime in pharmaceutical samples with RSD and recovery 4.52 and 101 %.

   In recent years, considerable attention has been paid in design and synthesis of a class of new crystalline porous materials known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). These porous materials have great potential for a wide range of applications like separation, ion exchange, conductivity, drug delivery, catalysis, gas storage and selective gas adsorption due to their large surface area, tailored pore volume and designable chemical environment. MOFs are typically constructed by connecting secondary building units (SBUs) consist of metal ions with organic connectors to produce various networks. They are completely regular, have high porosity, highly designable frameworks, and tunable functionalities. The samples were characterized with powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms (BET) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The MOF containing NH2 groups have high capacity for catalytic reaction. In this work, UiO-66-NH2 was used for post-synthesis by melamine and ethylamine to provide higher content of primary amine for Knoevenagel reaction. The modified MOFs were characterized with powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effective parameters in Knoevenagel reaction such as catalyst type and amount, and solvent type were investigated. The modified MOFs exhibited excellent catalyst activities in heterogeneous phase due to their large surface area and porosity, gigh number of active sites (-NH2) on the structures. The catalyst could be recyclable and reusable without losing its framework integrity and catalytic activity.

A fast, sensitive, and simple method using magnetic nanoparticles (M  ) coated by tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) and modified with 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide(Metformin), as an adsorbent has been successfully developed for removal of trace amounts of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ from distilled water. In first work, we has been synthesized a new magnetic nanoadsorbent by the covalent immobilization of metformin on the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles. Size, structure and magnetic property of the prepared magnetic nanoparticles (M  ) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). The ability of the prepared M   for removing heavy metals ions (Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+) from distilled water was studied. The effects of different affecting parameters on the adsorption characteristics of the modified M   were investigated. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by metformin functionalized magnetic nanoparticle followed pseudo-second-order model, suggesting a chemisorption process. The adsorption processes fit the Langmuir isotherms well with the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ onto the modified M   were found to be 5.76, 5.47, and 5.06 mg. g?1, respectively. Excellent adsorption capacity of the modified nanoadsorbent together with other advantages such as reusability, easy separation by an external magnetic field, make it suitable adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions.   In second work, thiol functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were prepared for the removal of ultra-trace amount of Hg2+ from aqueous samples. The modification of Fe3O4@SiO2 was done by the 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propantiol to prepare Fe3O4@SiO2–Si-(CH2)3-SH nanoparticles. The morphology of this nanoparticle was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and FT-IR. The adsorption of Hg2+ ions was examined by batch equilibrium technique. The effect of initial Hg2+ concentration, pH value, eluent concentration and volume, contact time, and coexisting ions on the efficiency of Hg2+ removal have been investigated. The mercury analysis was performed by continuous-flow cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). Each parameter affecting the extraction and removal processes was carried out. The optimum conditions were found to be 55 mg of sorbent, pH of 6.5, 12 min for adsorption time and 10 mL of HCl (0.1 mol L?1)/thiourea (2% w/v) for the desorption of mercury from loaded M  .

  Core-shell structural magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers (magnetic MIPs) with combined properties of molecular recognition and for the controlled release of DEX at a pH of 1.0 (simulated gastric fluid), at a pH of 6.8 (simulated intestinal fluid) and at a pH of 7.4 (simulated biological fluids) were prepared and characterized. The MMIPs were prepared via precipitation polymerization, using Fe3O4 as a magnetic component, Dextromethorphan (DXM) as a template molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as cross-linker in CHCL3 porogen. Magnetic non-molecularly imprinted polymers (MNIPs) were also prepared with the same synthesis procedure as with MMIPs only without the presence of the template. The adsorption kinetics was modelled with the pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption isotherms were fitted with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The obtained MMIPs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The performance of the MMIPs for the controlled release of Dextromethorphan was assessed, and the results indicated that the magnetic MIPs also had potential applications in the drug controlled release.

  In this thesis, two nanocomposites including ccopper phthalocyanine coated with hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were synthesized. These samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Laser Particle Size Analyzer, Photoluminescence(PL), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The applications of these composites were investigated in drug delivery systems and water dispersible pigments.

  In this thesis nanocrystalline nanoparticles synthesized based on NaYbF4. Characterization of synthetic samples using Fourier transform infrared transformation techniques (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Braunauer, Emmet, Teller (BET) Analysis Adsorption, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-AES), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Laser Particle Size Analyzer Particles have been investigated. The applications of these samples were studied in the fields of drug delivery and degradation of pollutants and dyes

In this research, a green and simple carbon dots preparation method was presented using lentil as a natural source without the need for surface and oxidant passivation agents. The production yield of carbon dots is 15.5% (w / w). The formation of carbon dots with an average size of 12 nm was confirmed by TEM (Transmition Electron Microscopy). Amorphous structure of CDs were confirmed by the X-ray diffraction spectrum (XRD). FTIR spectrometery showed the presence of carbonyl, hydroxyl, carboxylic acid groups on the surface on carbon dot, and a carbon double bond on the carbon dot. The absorption spectrum of carbon dots with the maximum absorbance was recorded at 273 nm, and the emission spectrum with a maximum emission at 415 nm and after excitation at of 340 nm were recorded. The fluorescence emission sustainability for these nanoparticles is reported to be about 10 days.In the second research, a simple and cost effective method for spectrophotometric determination of Fe (II) based on the interaction with carbon dots is proposed. The Bear law was obeyed at 315 nm and in concentration range of 2.00?10-6- 2.00?10-3 molar of Fe (II) in the presence of carbon dots. This method was used to determination Fe (II) in tap water samples and mineral water of the Kimia Company. Relative standard deviation (RSD) and relative error (RE) were found to be less than 10% for the determination of Fe (II) in real samples.In the third work, for the determination of Fe (III), in the presence of carbon dots, fluorimetric method was used. The emission of carbon dots at 415 nm was recorded in a concentration range of 2.00?10-7- 2.00?10-5 of Fe (III). This method was used to determin Fe (III) in tap water samples and mineral water of the Kimia Company. RSD and RE were found to be less than 10% for the determination of Fe (III) in real samples.In the fourth work, the interaction between carbon dots and various surfactants was investigated. Using the principal component analysis and the theory of formation of the complex, the critical micelle concentration, the formation constant of surfactant complex and carbon dots, and the formation constant of the complex between micelle and carbon dots for surfactants SDS and CTAB were calculated  

In this thesis we report the fabrication of copper nanoparticles on the multi-walled carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs) composite film modified glassy carbon electrode ((Cu  /MWCNTs/GCE)) and it was characterized by cyclic voltammetry, a scanning electron microscope and The energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Then it was application in the electrochemical Determination of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in real samples. Cyclic voltammograms displayed that (Cu  /MWCNTs/GCE) showed high electrochemical catalytic activity contrasted with the MWCNT/ GCE and Cu   / GCE modified. The (Cu  /MWCNTs/GCE) was observed to be appropriate for the selective determination of 4-NP by square wave voltammetry (SWV). Under the optimized condition the fabricated sensor demonstrated two linear concentration ranges from 0.2 to 12.3 and 12.3 to 298.0 ?M with detection limits of 0.06 ?M (S/N = 3). It was proved that this electrode can be utilized for the measurement of (4-NP) in real samples.

  This work is introduces a new electrochemical sensor based on cadmium carbide nanoparticles CdxCy and multi-wall carbon nanotubes MWCNTs modified carbon paste electrode (CPE) for low   level detection of warfarin .The modified electrode was characterized by different methods such as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The oxidation peak current of warfarin under the optimum experimental conditions was applied for its monitoring for the first time. The calibration curves were linear for warfarin concentrations from 0.009 to 1.4 µM and 1.4 to 500 ?M with a limit of detection of 1.8nM and limit of quantification of 6.6 nM using   differential pulse voltammetric method (DPV). The modified electrode showed excellent stability and was used for determination of warfarin in tablet and human serum with acceptable results.

  In this research the three-dimensional Zr-based metal-organic framework UiO-66-NH2 was functionalized with melamine (UiO-66-NH2-Mlm), then copper (II) acetate monohydrate successfully anchored by the surface of the amino-functionalized Zr-MOF. Copper ions were reduced with sodium borohydride to obtain nanoparticles of copper oxide, then catalyst exhibited excellent activity for Ullman reaction. Furthermore, the catalyst showed a good performance. The sample were characterized with powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), and Atomic Absorption spectroscopy (AA).

  Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) are being considered because of more efficiency and none second pollution, and are used for remove of diverse pollutant such organic materials, textile dyes, heavy metals and etc. In this research efficiency of photocatalytic advanced oxidation process has investigated color removal of methylene blue fom synthetic sewage by using photocatalyst of BiOCl-ZnO As modified with CTAB and PEG20000 surfactant in a photoreactor. So has devoted The comparison between the two types of surfactants with pure photocatalyst (at the time of synthesis catalyst), characters and efficiency and photocatalyst activity in color removal methylene blue should be investigated and evaluated. Solution concentration, pH and dosage of photocatalyst were evaluated. XRD, SEM, FTIR and DRS analysis were used for both the properties of pure and modified with surfactant and In the whole experiment the criteria of system performance efficiency was spectrophotometery method color removal yield. In sem Images of two types of photocatalysts synthesized with surfactant, It can be seen that Photocatalyst surface is More homogeneous. The results of DRS indicate the positive impact of PEG surfactant in photocatalytic performance in the visible region. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the BiOCl-ZnO exhibit typical diffraction peaks corresponding to the hexagonal structured ZnO that suitable agreement to literature value (JCPDS card no.80-0075) and the tetragonal phase BiOCl (JCPDS card number 06-0249), respectively. FTIR spectra indicate the presence of elements and related connection. Laboratory optimum condition for the maximum dye removal of methylene blue was found 1g BiOCl-ZnO PEG20000, pH=9.5 and solution concentration 20 ppm.

This thesis contains two research projects that the abstract of them is given below:In the first part of the thesis, an electrochemical sensor for determination of buprenorphine by voltammetric method was created on glassy carbon electrode using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs–GCE) as an electrode modifier. Electrochemical oxidation of the BPR was proposed using voltammetric studies by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were carried out in Britton-Robinson buffer solution (pH 3.0). Optimizations of parameters including pH, amount of modifier, accumulation time and potential on the anodic peak current of BPR were accomplished. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the linear response range and the detection limit were calculated as 0.008-5.00 ?M and 1.11 nM respectively. Also the selectivity of the modified MWCNTs–GC electrode was studied in the presence of various interferences and accordingly the modified electrode was successfully employed for the determination of Buprenorphine in spiked blood serum and urine samples.  In the second part, carbon paste electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and ion pair component of buprenorphine-potassium tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) borate was used for determination of   Buprenorphine by potentiometric method. The response of this electrode in the concentration range of -   M was linear and a Nernstian slope of 58.1 mV dedecade-1 was obtained. Also the detection limit of 0.04 ?M was calculated. The modified carbon paste electrode had the response time about 6 s and in the pH range from 3 to 9 the potential of the solution is independent from pH. The selectivity of the modified electrode was studied in the presence of various interferences and accordingly was successfully employed for the determination of Buprenorphine in spiked blood serum and urine samples.  

ZrOCl2/H2O2   System as an Oxidizing Agent in Synthesis of Organic Compounds such as Sulfonyl Chlorides, Sulfonamides and Sulfoxides

  Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are an intriguing class of hybrid materials, that are built by assembling metal centres with organic linkers. the bonding between the inorganic and organic parts may be covalent, coordinative or based on van-der-Waals interactions, the so-called Metal-Organic-Frameworks (MOFs) or coordination polymers. MOFs are synthesized from solution under solvothermal conditio   typical solvents are water, ethanol, methanol, dimethylformamide (DMF) or acetonitrile. In this research adsorption and desorption of the drug phenazopyridine hydrochloride (PAP), its structural affects and kinetic surveys using three Zr-MOFs have studied. Absorption and desorption of these guests in highly stable three-dimensionlal (3D) porous coordination polymers UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2 and UiO-66-vac was investigated. The samples were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Nitrogen sorption (BET) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and UV–vis spectroscopy. The delivery of drugs from MOFs performed in ethanol at room temperature under continuous stirring was determined by PXRD, UV-vis spectroscopy and FT-IR spectrums. The delivery of drugs in ethanol increases with time, it indicates that the drugs release are governed by the host-guest interaction. Similar behaviors were also observed in the desorption of all guests from all three MOFs. study of experimental results on phenazopyridine hydrochloride adsorption affinity in comparison with quantum results , to complete the relationship between theory and practical experience in the analysis of the results

  The present study investigated the binding interaction between gold nanoparticle and biomolecular using emission,absorption, circular dichroism,viscosity and cytotoxity The Azomethine H-gold nano particle(AzH-Au  ), exhibits a high binding affinity for HSA and BSA. Different instrumental methods were used to investigate the interaction mechanism. According to competitive binding experiments sites were obtained as analysis demonstrated that the binding of AzH-Au   to HSA mainly located within site site II (subdomain IB) and analysis demonstrated that the binding of AzH-Au   to BSA mainly located within site I (subdomain IA) . The results of the Stern–Volmer quenching constant   is inversely correlated with temperature, which indicates that, the probable quenching mechanism of the AzH-Au   - HSA and AzH-Au   - BSA binding reaction is initiated by complex formation.So, the main interaction between AzH-Au   and BSA and HSA   was belived to be electrostatic. As the binding distance is less than 8 nm, the energy transfer from HSA and BSA to AzH-Au   occurred with high possibility.The results of UV–vis spectra and CD data indicate that the conformation of HSA and BSA molecules is changed signi?cantly in the presence of AzH-Au  .The experimental results were in agreement with the results obtained via a molecular docking study. Different instrumental methods were used to investigate the interaction mechanism between the AzH-Au   and DNA. The results support the notion that the AzH-Au   can bind to DNA via intercalative. The fluorescence studies showed an appreciable increase in the AzH-Au   s emission upon addition of DNA. The negative ?H and   ?S values indicated that that vander waals or hydrogen bonds play main roles in the binding of AzH-Au   to DNA. Competitive fluorescence study by Methylen Blue (MB) demonstrates So, formation of AzH-Au   – DNA complex has effect on MB binding to DNA. CD results showed deep conformational changes in theDNA double helix upon binding with the AzH-Au  . Changes were observed in viscosity of the DNA upon addition of AzH-Au  . This result supports the intercalative binding mode of AzH-Au   with DNA Molcular docking indicates of an intercalative of binding. This is indicated that interaction AzH-Au  to DNA is intercalative.

  1. Sensitive determination of nanomolar concentrations of methadone by differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry in biological and pharmaceuticals samples based on electropolymerization of L-arginine on glassy carbon electrode. And 2. Differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of nanomolar concentrations of trimipramine based on electropolymerization of ?- cyclodextrin and L-arginine on glassy carbon electrode.    

  Abstract   Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) also known as porous coordination polymers (PCPs) have attracted the attention of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists because of interest in the creation of nanometer-sized spaces and the novel phenomena in them. There is also interest in their application in adsorption, separation, catalysis, magnetism, sensing, and drug delivery. MOFs are typically constructed by connecting secondary building units (SBUs) consist of metal ions with organic connectors to produce various networks. They are completely regular, have high porosity, highly designable frameworks, and tunable functionalities. These properties make MOFs suitable for various application especially in trap and adsorption affinities for dangerous material. In this research absorption and desorption of iodine molecules and their structural affects using three Zr-MOFs have studied. Absorption and desorption of these guests in highly stable three-dimensionlal (3D) porous coordination polymers UiO-66 (Zr-bdc=1, 4-benzenedicarboxylate), UiO-66-NH2 (Zr-NH2-bdc=2-amino-benzenedicarboxylic acid) and UiO-66-vac (UiO-66 with defects) was investigated. The samples were characterized with powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms (BET) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The MOF containing NH2 groups have high capacity for iodine capture because of having high porosity, creating charge-transfer complexes between NH2 and I2 molecules. It has also higher iodine adsorption rate more than two other MOFs.The TEM image after iodine incorporated into MOFs has shown some differences on the morphology of particles proving iodine adsorption either on surface or into pores of MOF.The amounts of guest adsorbed into these Zr-MOFs had comparable and the sorption rate, especially for UiO-66-NH2 had higher than those previously reported. In addition, the UiO-66 MOF has shown the lowest amount of iodine sorption which can be reffered to its lower surface area, having no defects in its structure and Shortage of functional groups proportion to Uio-66-NH2.It particularly have demonstrated the quick sorption process of I2 in diluted n-hexane in Zr-based MOFs, and the influence of porosity and functionalization to maximize the loading capacity.AbstractMetal organic frameworks (MOFs) also known as porous coordination polymers (PCPs) have attracted the attention of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists because of interest in the creation of nanometer-sized spaces and the novel phenomena in them. There is also interest in their application in adsorption, separation, catalysis, magnetism, sensing and drug delivery. MOFs are typically constructed by connecting secondary building units (SBUs) consist of metal ions with organic connectors to produce various networks. They are completely regular, have high porosity, highly designable frameworks and tunable functionalities. These properties make MOFs suitable for various application especially in trap and adsorption affinities for dangerous material. In this research absorption and desorption of iodine molecules, their structural affects and kinetic surveys using three Zr-MOFs have studied. Absorption and desorption of these guests in highly stable three-dimensionlal (3D) porous coordination polymers UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2

Abstract A solid-phase extraction coupled with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic drop (SPE-DLLME-SFO) method followed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) was developed for the extraction, preconcentration, and determination of ultra trace amounts of mercury in real samples. Variables affecting the performance of both steps were thoroughly investigated. Under optimized conditions, 100 mL of mercury solution were first concentrated using a solid phase sorbent. The extracts were collected in 1.5 mL of acetone and 50 ?L of 1-undecanol was dissolved in the collecting solvent. Then 5.0 mL pure water was injected rapidly into the mixture of acetone and 1-undecanol for DLLME, followed by GFAAS determination of mercury. The analytical figures of merit of method developed were determined. With an enrichment factor of 1520, a linear calibration of 0.05–15 ?g L-1 and a limit of detection of 0.03 ?g L-1 were obtained. The relative standard deviation for seven replicate measurements of 0.50 ?g L-1 of mercury was 4.8 %.