Maryam Nazari

   In recent years, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have attracted considerable attention as promising technologies for simultaneous wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation. However, the performance of proton exchange membranes (PEMs), as one of the key components of MFC systems, is still limited by challenges such as oxygen crossover, low proton conductivity, and high internal resistance. In the present study, eucalyptus plant extract was utilized as an environmentally friendly bio-based additive for the modification of sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) membranes in order to improve their physicochemical and electrochemical performance in MFCs. For this purpose, SPES membranes containing different concentrations of eucalyptus extract (EE) including 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt% were fabricated and compared with the bare membrane. Various characterization techniques including FTIR, ATR-FTIR, SEM, water uptake (WU), cation exchange capacity (CEC), water contact angle (WCA), dissolved oxygen (DO) analysis were employed to investigate membrane properties. Furthermore, electrochemical performance was evaluated using polarization curves, power density (PD), current density (CD), COD removal, and coulombic efficiency (CE). FTIR and ATR-FTIR analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of EE into the membrane structure. SEM images revealed that the modified membranes exhibited more compact and homogeneous morphologies compared to the bare membrane. In addition, incorporation of EE enhanced membrane hydrophilicity, improved CEC, and reduced oxygen crossover. Among all fabricated membranes, the membrane containing 1 wt% EE exhibited the best overall performance. This membrane achieved the highest PD of 193.4 mW m?² and maximum CD of 716.2 mA m?². Moreover, the highest COD removal (89.16%) and CE (76.11%) were also obtained for this membrane. The enhanced performance can be attributed to improved hydrophilicity, enhanced proton tra  ort capability, higher CEC, and lower oxygen permeability. Overall, the obtained results demonstrated that EE can effectively improve the performance of SPES membranes for MFC applications and provides a promising approach for the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly PEMs.   

   Objective:  This study aimed to fabricate a multi-polymeric hydrogel scaffold containing carboxymethyl cellulose, alginate, polyvinyl alcohol, and inulin (CMC/Alg/PVA/Inulin) and investigate its role in the differentiation of sheep fetal bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into oocyte-like cells, in combination with follicular fluid, granulosa cells, and retinoic acid. Methods:  The hydrogel scaffold was synthesized using freeze-drying and cross-linking with calcium chloride and characterized by FE-SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD, tensile strength, swelling behavior, and enzymatic degradation assays. MSCs were isolated from sheep fetal bone marrow and confirmed at passage 3 by their differentiation potential into adipocytes and osteoblasts using Oil Red O and Alizarin Red S staining, respectively. Cells were then cultured for 21 days in three independent experiments under control conditions (2D), on the scaffold (3D), and on the scaffold with 10 µM retinoic acid. Differentiation media included follicular fluid, granulosa cells, or their combination. Viability and apoptosis were assessed by Alamar Blue and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining, respectively. The expression of germ cell-specific markers (DDX4, DAZL, and ZP3) was evaluated by real-time PCR. Results:  FE-SEM images revealed a porous structure, and FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the successful formation of the hydrogel. The scaffold was biocompatible (maximum swelling at 72 hours and 63% degradation by day 21), and retinoic acid showed no significant cytotoxicity at lower concentrations. In all experiments, 3D culture on the scaffold with retinoic acid significantly increased the expression of DDX4, DAZL, and ZP3 compared to 2D and 3D cultures without retinoic acid (p<0.05). The highest expression levels were observed in the co-culture of MSCs with granulosa cells in the combined presence of follicular fluid and retinoic acid on the scaffold. Conclusion:  The CMC/Alg/PVA/Inulin hydrogel scaffold provides a biocompatible and effective 3D substrate for differentiating sheep fetal bone marrow MSCs into oocyte-like cells. The combination of this scaffold with retinoic acid and follicular factors, particularly co-culture with granulosa cells and follicular fluid, significantly enhances differentiation efficiency. This approach offers a novel perspective in reproductive biotechnology and the treatment of infertility in valuable livestock and endangered species.

   بيماري آلزايمر يك بيماري تحليل‌برنده عصبي است و اصلي‌ترين علت زوال عقل (دمانس) در سراسر جهان به شمار مي‌رود. تا به امروز درمان‌هاي موجود براي اين بيماري محدود هستند. يكي از دلايل اين محدوديت، دشواري در درك كامل علل بروز بيماري و همچنين وجود سد خوني–مغزي است، كه يك مرز نيمه‌تراوا بوده و از ورود مولكول‌هاي محلول به سيستم عصبي مركزي جلوگيري مي‌كند. بنابراين، نياز به بررسي رويكردهاي جديد براي هدف‌گيري دارو به سمت مغز وجود دارد. با وجود محدوديت‌ها و موانع يادشده، تحقيقات در زمينه? انتقال دارو از مسير بيني به مغز به توسعه? پلتفرم‌هاي اميدبخشي منجر شده است كه از پتانسيل بالايي براي بهبود قابل توجه رسانش دارو به مغز برخوردارند. اين موفقيت از طريق هدف‌گيري مسيرهاي خاص بيني، بر اساس ويژگي‌هاي مولكول دارو و سيستم دارورساني، حاصل شده و رسانش مؤثر دارو به بخش‌هاي مختلف مغز را امكان‌پذير كرده است. بررسي اين حوزه? مطالعاتي مي‌تواند به توسعه? سامانه‌هاي جديدتر و كارآمدتري بينجامد كه درمان بيماري‌هاي CNS را به‌طور چشمگيري بهبود مي‌دهند. در حال حاضر، مهاركننده‌هاي آنزيم استيل‌كولين‌استراز تأييدشده توسط سازمان غذا و داروي آمريكا براي درمان بيماري آلزايمر شامل donepezil (Dnp)، Rivastigmine (Rv) و galantamine (GLn) هستند. شواهد حاصل از مطالعات حيواني نشان مي‌دهد كه Rv در نواحي قشر مغز و هيپوكامپ، كه بيشترين تأثير را از بيماري آلزايمر مي‌پذيرند، مهاركننده? قوي‌تري نسبت به ساير AChEIs است. در سال‌هاي اخير، نانوذرات كه قادر به انتقال مولكول‌ها از سد خوني–مغزي هستند مورد توجه فراوان قرار گرفته‌اند و رويكردي اميدبخش براي رسانش هدفمند دارو به مغز محسوب مي‌شوند. در اين مطالعه، هدف بر آن است كه  نانوذرات كيتوسان اصلاح‌شده با آرژنين و سيستئين  را براي  تجويز داخل‌بيني ريواستيگمين  در درمان علامتي بيماري آلزايمر سنتز و شناسايي كنيم. نانوذرات مزاياي خاصي براي دارورساني بيني دارند؛ به دليل اندازه كوچك، نسبت سطح به حجم بالا و توانايي عبور مؤثر از لايه مخاط، اگر به‌خوبي طراحي شوند، مي‌توانند از سد مخاطي عبور كنند، از پاك شدن مخاطي جلوگيري كنند و زمان ماندگاري دارو در محل جذب را افزايش دهند، كه شانس انتقال به مغز را بالا مي‌برد. در اين زمينه،  كيتوسان  به‌عنوان پليمر پايه جذاب انتخاب شده است به دليل ويژگي‌هايي مانند زيست‌سازگاري عالي، زيست ‌تجزيه ‌پذيري، خواص مخاط ‌چسبي، سميت پايين و توانايي در باز كردن موقت اتصالات محكم بين سلول‌هاي اپيتليال. براي تقويت بيشتر چسبندگي مخاطي و نفوذپذيري، كيتوسان را به‌صورت شيميايي با  آرژنين و سيستئين  اصلاح كرديم؛ آرژنين گروه‌هاي كاتيوني اضافي فراهم مي‌كند كه تعامل الكترواستاتيكي با مخاط منفي بيني را تقويت مي‌كند، در حالي كه سيستئين گروه‌هاي تيول معرفي مي‌كند كه قادر به تشكيل پيوند دي‌سولفيدي با گليكوپروتئين‌هاي مخاط هستند و در نتيجه زمان ماندگاري و نفوذ از اپي‌تليوم بيني را بهبود مي‌بخشند. براي تأييد اتصال موفق آمينواسيدها به اسكلت كيتوسان، آزمون‌ها و تكنيك‌هاي مشخصه ‌يابي مختلف به ‌كار گرفته شدند، سپس بهينه‌سازي پارامترهاي فرمولاسيون و بررسي الگوي رهايش دارو از نانوذرات اصلاح‌شده انجام گرديد. انتظار مي‌رود اين سامانه نانوذره‌اي كيتوسان اصلاح‌شده با آرژنين و سيستئين به‌عنوان يك حامل كارآمد و زيست‌سازگار براي تجويز داخل ‌بيني ريواستيگمين عمل كند و زيست‌دسترس‌پذيري و اثربخشي درماني آن را در درمان علامتي بيماري آلزايمر بهبود دهد، و همچنين باعث  كاهش عوارض جانبي ريواستيگمين  شود، با امكان استفاده از  دوزهاي درماني پايين‌تر، هدف‌گيري بهتر به مغز و كاهش توزيع سيستميك.

  In this study, the effect of different pretreatment methods on solubilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) and subsequent methane production was systematically investigated. Three pretreatment strategies, including homogenization, ultrasonication, and enzymatic hydrolysis, were applied and optimized in separate steps. In the first stage, homogenization pretreatment for 1 hour at 3000 rpm generated strong shear forces, cavitation, and turbulence, leading to significant sludge hydrolysis. This resulted in an sCOD concentration of 2210 mg/L, VSS removal of 63.33%, NH? concentration of 6.13 mg/L, and PO?³? concentration of 9.56 mg/L. Higher homogenization speed enhanced sludge disruption and solubilization. In the second stage, the effect of ultrasonication parameters, including sonication time, amplitude, and pulse mode, was evaluated. At the optimal condition (100% amplitude, pulse mode 1, and 60 minutes), VSS reduction reached 61.41% and sCOD concentration increased to 5010 mg/L, highlighting the direct influence of these parameters on sludge disintegration. In the third stage, enzymatic pretreatment was performed using amylase, protease, and lipase. A total of 90 experiments were designed by RSM to assess the effects of retention time, temperature, initial pH, enzyme dosage, and enzyme type. Optimum conditions were identified as retention time of 6 h, temperature of 55°C, pH 9.5, and enzyme dosage of 5%. Finally, anaerobic digestion (AD) was conducted under these optimal pretreatment conditions. After 344 h of AD, measurements of VSS, sCOD, TCOD, pH, and gas pressure indicated enhanced methane production and reduced retention time compared to untreated sludge. Among all methods, enzymatic hydrolysis using amylase demonstrated superior efficiency in gas production over ultrasonication and homogenization.

      Although airlift bioreactors have recently achieved success in the simultaneous removal of carbon (C) and nutrients (N and P) from various wastewaters, their focus has largely been on conventional mechanisms such as simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Building on this, the present study aimed to establish diverse mechanisms for synchronous CNP removal in a hybrid dual internal circulation airlift A2O (DCAL-A2O) bioreactor by implementing specific operating conditions. The influence of nitrogenous species, particularly NH4+-N/(NH4+-N + NO3--N) ratio (0.5-1.0), and hydraulic retention time (HRT; 8-12h) on the bioreactor's performance was investigated. The synergistic effect of various biological mechanisms played a significant role in achieving simultaneous CNP removal in a single-stage bioreactor. Under optimal conditions, achieved at an NH4+-N/(NH4+-N + NO3--N) ratio of 0.55 and an HRT of 10.5 h, the bioreactor demonstrated exceptional performance, with removal efficiencies of 95.4 % for total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) (inlet: 1500 mg/L), 86 % for total nitrogen (TN) (inlet: 210 mg/L), and 66 % for total phosphorus (TP) (inlet: 45 mg/L), along with an effluent turbidity of 9 NTU. Furthermore, the hybrid DCAL-A2O bioreactor exhibited outstanding nitrate removal efficiency of 98 % when treating high-strength nitrate wastewater (262.5 mg/L). In conclusion, the hybrid DCAL-A2O bioreactor proved to be highly effective for simultaneous CNP removal and demonstrated superior performance in nitrate removal from high-strength nitrate wastewater.

I sincerely thank God, Merciful and Almighty, for the divine guidance and i  iration that enabled me to pursue this path and reach this academic level. I sincerely thank my supervisors, Prof Ali Akbar Zinatizadeh, and Dr. Sirus Zinadini, as well as my advisers, Dr. Sara Ivani, and Dr. Mehdi Khiadani, for their invaluable support and insightful recommendations throughout this project, which significantly contributed to its success. I sincerely thank the referees for their thorough review of this thesis and my supportive friends and colleagues for the enjoyable moments we shared. It is worth mentioning that the completion of this thesis owes to the knowledge, patience, and extraordinary attention of these magnanimous professors, and I once again thank them. And I am thanking God for putting these magnanimous professors on the path to completion of this project. And in the end, I sincerely appreciate my parents for their massive support at all stages of life.      

   In this project, a NF (PES-based) polymer membrane was synthesized with the objective of achieving high performance in terms of flux, antifouling properties, and dye removal. High performance in this membrane was obtained by adding carbon quantum dots and sulfonated polyether sulfone polymer into the membrane matrix. The CQD was prepared from yeast factory waste (vinasse) using the solvothermal method with DMAc solvent. The SPES polymer was synthesized from PES through a sulfonation process using chlorosulfonic acid. Various analyses were used to characterize the CQDs synthesized. The FTIR was used to investigate the hydrophilic functional groups, XRD was utilized to show the crystal structure, DLS was utilized to measure the particle size distribution, and EDX to investigate the elements in the CQDs. Additionally, FTIR analysis was used to confirm the sulfonation of the PES polymer. The mixed matrix method was employed for membrane synthesis, incorporating different percentages of CQD and SPES. The performance of the membranes was evaluated in terms of flux, resistance to fouling, mechanical strength, and dye removal. The results indicated that the addition of CQD to the membrane structure increased flux by 3.82 times and FRR by 1.69 times compared to the bare state. To enhance and sustain membrane performance, SPES was utilized as an immobilizer for CQD in the membrane structure. Incorporating 10% SPES and 0.1wt% CQD into the membrane resulted in a 4.6 times increase in flux and a 2.27 times increase in FRR compared to the bare state. The optimized synthesized membrane has the capability to remove 95.12% of color from wastewater. Additionally, incorporating SPES into the membrane structure not only enhances membrane performance through the presence of sulfone hydrophilic groups, but also forms a crosslink between the amine groups in CQD and the sulfone groups in SPES. This stabilizes the CQD within the membrane structure, ensuring the membrane's functionality is maintained for an extended period.

Abstract Metals haveunique properties that include oxidation and reduction activity, variablecoordination states, and reactivity toward organic substrates. Metals aretunable due to their reactivity under normal conditions. Coordination complexesas drugs or prodrugs become very attractive probes as potential anticanceragents. Azithromycin complex has been made with various metals, but here weused copper (II) as a biocompatible metal and its complex was made withazithromycin and identified by FT-IR, UV and elemental analysis. Theinteraction of the desired complex with DNA and HSA was done with the help ofspectroscopic methods, circular dichroism (CD) and molecular docking. By calculating the binding constants and we came to the conclusion that the mechanism of fluorescence quenching in the interaction of DNA with Cu(II)complex of azithromycin is done through static and the binding mode will bethrough the groove, and in the case of HSA, the fluorescence quenching isthrough static and binding site is done through site I located in subdomainIIA. Also, the evaluation of thermodynamic parameters    and  in connection with DNA and HSA showed that thebinding of the complex with DNA and HSA is exothermic and takes placespontaneously.Keywords: Azithromycin; Copper(II); DNA interaction; HSA interaction; Spectroscopic methods; moleculardocking; Fluorescence quenching.   

  The main goal of this thesis is to prepare

Bilirubin BR a bile pigment is present in human serum in two different forms unconjugated bilirubin Bu and conjugated bilirubin BC the clinical significance of the bilirubin determination plays a major role in diagnosis prediction and treatment of hemolytic disorders in both adult and Infants. BR, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, is a remarkable marker for the diagnosis of hemolytic disorders. Low BR concentration in the blood is caused by a high risk of coronary heart disease and iron deficiency and high level leads to hyperbilirubinemia, so it’s important to find easy, inexpensive, and sensitive methods to determine a percentage of BR. There are many methods to determine BR, one of them is the “Fluorometric method” which possesses several appealing features, including low cost, easy preparation and fast response which could hold great potential for diagnostics applications. BR acts as a bichromophoric molecule. This feature accounts for the variability of BR absorption and fluorescence properties and for inter chromophore exciton energy transfer events, depending on the concentration of the molecule and its microenvironment in solution, and on the wavelength of interrogating light cost effective fluorescent Nano- sensor was developed for the early and easy detection of hyperbilirubinemia. Fluorescent copper nanoclusters due to their fast surface oxidation may cause a challenge to prepare it. However, it also has properties such as low cost. But it’s also had some properties such as, their low cost, good water solubility and wide availability of precursor become an active research area, copper nanocluster has excellent fluorescent properties that paved the way to development of new sensors complexed with chitosan as a stabilized factor of copper nanoclusters and to trace the presence of BR. The emission spectra were recorded in the wavelength range of 300 to 500 nm upon excitation at 330 nm. The present sensing strategy has appealing features, including low cost, easy preparation and fast response which could hold great potential for biological and clinical diagnostics applications. Numerous nano materials capable of emitting fluorescent light, have been developed for biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery for biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery. These include nanocluster, silica-based materials, nanoparticles, quantum dots QDs . So, the second sensor is Carbon quantum dots CQDs (typical size <10nm). That is prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and uses curcumin with citric acid and thiourea to produce these carbon quantum dots. So, such as new curcumin has limitations in clinical studies because of its stability, low water solubility, and adsorption. So, to improve the properties of curcumin and use nanostructured material carriers and to enhance Curcumin availability. This sensor is very selective to determine BR and very sensitive.  

   In this study, a copper(II) complex with lidocaine ([Cu(LC)2(H2O)2](NO3)2) was synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and FT-IR. The complex's potential as an improved drug was explored through its effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, where it demonstrated significant cytotoxicity, particularly after 72 hours, with an IC50 value of 145.15 ?g/ml. The interaction between the copper(II) complex and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was investigated using multi-spectroscopic methods and molecular docking in a physiological buffer. The complex binds to ct-DNA via groove binding, with the formation being driven by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, as confirmed by both experimental and docking studies. Additionally, the binding of the complex to human serum albumin (HSA) was examined using absorption, fluorescence emission, and molecular docking techniques. The results indicated strong binding through a static quenching mechanism, with hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions playing a key role. The binding site was identified as Sudlow's site 2 within domain III of HSA. These findings highlight the potential of the Cu(II)-lidocaine complex in drug development, particularly for cancer therapy, and provide insights into its interaction with biomolecules such as DNA and HSA. Keyword: Copper(II) complex; Lidocaine; Cytotoxicity; Calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA); Human serum albumin (HSA); Spectroscopic analysis

The term ionic liquids (IL) refer to salts that exist in liquid form below 100 °C or even at room temperature. An ionic liquid is a combination of cations, usually organic, and anions, organic or inorganic. Ionic liquids are considered as green solvents because they have a very low vapor pressure under ambient conditions and are therefore known to be non-volatile, and they remain liquid over a wide range of temperatures, and also because of their composition.Regulation of anions and cations showed a wide range of solubility of biopolymers. We discussed the advantages of ionic liquid compounds, but disadvantages such as difficult separation and low catalytic activity in small amounts are presented as two basic problems for these ionic liquid compounds. A logical solution to solve these two problems is to heterogeneous ionic liquids on polymer substrates. Based on this, in the first project, an acidic ionic liquid is placed on the lignin substrate, which is a group of complex organic polymers that are environmentally friendly, highly modifiable, cheap and readily available. For this purpose, we first modify the surface of lignin with 3-aminopropyltrioxysilane (APTES) to create amino groups on the surface of lignin. Next, by adding phosphomolybdic acid, a supported ionic liquid compound with an acidic character will be created, and finally this catalyst is used for the multicomponent synthesis of heterocyclic compounds such as 2,3-dihydro-4(1H) quinazolinone. The stable and heterogeneous nature of the catalyst was also investigated using the hot filtration test under optimal reaction conditions. Also, green chemistry metric calculations showed that this method is quite efficient compared to other homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems, and at the same time produces less waste, which is more favorable from the point of view of green chemistry. In addition, EDX, FT-IR and XRD of the reused catalyst showed good stability after the sixth recovery.  

   Abstract: In the present research work, to begin with, a green preparation method was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by hydrothermal method using natural materials of fresh and green skins of walnuts, onions and berries. The average diameter of silver nanoparticles was estimated to be 16 to 22 nm through transmission electron microscopy. In the first work, silver nanoparticles were used to identify types of water with different origins. Based on this, using the image processing method based on the color change of the silver nanoparticles solution after adding different waters to it, it was suggested. To perform the experiments, a plate with a plate was used, and finally, a photo of the plate was taken by a mobile phone camera, and RGB was taken from the photo by image analyzer software, then the RGB data was used to analyze the samples. Based on this method, the accuracy of the data obtained for water samples was 71.7%. In the second work, using chemometry and designing a colorimetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles, a method for detecting the percentage of ethanol in water-ethanol mixture was presented. In this work, by using the plates and taking pictures from them and analyzing the RGB data, the percentage composition of the unknown samples from the water-ethanol mixture was identified.   

   Mercury ions are not degradable and their abnormal accumulation in the human body can cause various diseases. It is very important to develop a method with excellent performance to identify mercury ions in the environment. The fluorescent probe has attracted much attention due to its excellent properties (eg, easy operation, low detection limit). Composites of carbon dots and organometallic frameworks are emerging as fluorescent sensors due to their ease of synthesis, high selectivity and sensitivity to analytes. Carbon dots and metal organic frameworks sensors combine the advantages of both carbon dots and metal organic frameworks, including the excellent optical properties of carbon dots and high surface area, tunable porosity, and design capabilities of metal organic frameworks, leading to increased performance. In this work, using composites containing carbon dots and organometallic frameworks along with metal nanoclusters, we designed probes that can detect small amounts of mercury.

   In this work, nanocomposite hydrogels containing CsMe, PVA, ZnO-   were prepared as wound dressing.The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of ZnO-   in the wound healing process and compare it with ZnO ontinment in the wound healing process. In vivo studies demonstrated that the group treated with hydrogel containing ZnO-   (0.5%) caused faster wound healing compare to the other group. In the group treated with ZnO ointment, The results showed that wound healing using ZnO in the form of nanoparticles is better than using ZnO ointment

  In this research, simulation and quantum calculations of three cationic ionic liquids based on imidazolium and pyridinium were performed. First, quantum calculations were performed in the gas phase for ionic liquids and the optimized geometric structure of anions and cations and their electronic structure in the gas phase were obtained. The results of quantum calculations showed that there are strong interactions between anions and cations. Then molecular dynamics simulation was performed in the liquid phase using the OPLS field. Structural properties such as density and RDF radiation distribution function and dynamic properties such as mean square displacement MSD and permeability were obtained from the simulation data. The simulation results showed that the anions tend to be placed near the rings. Then the structural and dynamic properties of these molecules were discussed.

  AbstractCurrently,fossil fuel are the main source of energy supply in the world. But due to theincreasing need for energy and the limitation of fossil resources and the environmental pollution, caused by burning them,the desire to use clean energy, such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydrogen andbiomass energy instead of fossil fuels, has increased. Biomass is the fourthlargest source of energy in the world and supplies about 14% of the world'senergy, and the production of energy from these renewable materials reduces theemission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is alsobio- electrochemical system (BES) which, in addition to generating electricity,also treats wastewater. Of course, electricity generation is the most importantapplication of MFC. But, the production rate of this energy in MFC is low.Various methods are used to solve this problem. Such as the use of differentnanoparticles to increase the amount of electricity produced, higher protonconductivity and coulombic efficiency and reduce manufacturing costs comparedto commercial Nafion membrane. Therefore, the main objective of this study isto fabricate and modify an innovative cost-effective proton exchange membraneto improve proton transfer, increase  power generation and coulombic efficiency. Therefore, in this study, EP-PWA/SPESnanocomposite membranes were synthesized and characterized by loading differentpercentages (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5 wt.%) of new EP-PWA nanoparticles. EDAX,MAP, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and CA analysis were performed to investigate theperformance of nanoparticles o  synthesized membranes with different percentages. The results showedthat EP-PWA nanoparticle has a very good perfprmance. The performance of themembranes made in MFC was evaluated in terms of power density, COD removal,water absorption and coulombic efficiency. The Experimental results showed thatSPES membrane with 0.5 wt.% of   EP-PWA nanoparticlewas selected as the optimal membrane and showed the maximum power density, CODremoval, water absorption and coulombic efficiency of 107.69 mW.m2,90.79%, 79.85%, 65.18% respectively. The observed properties indicated higherpower density, water absorption and coulombic efficiency and lower oxygenpermeability in the synthesized membranes compared to the commercial Nafion 117membrane. The obtained results showed that the optimal membrane M3(EP-PWA/SPES 0.5 wt.%) due to the increase in the efficiency of the system andthe significant reduction in construction costs, has the potential tosignificantly   improve the productivity of microbial fuelcell (MFC).     

This thesis has been carried out in two parts: The Fe3O4-APTES-RL-CuO catalyst was synthesized, characterized, and utilized for the one-pot ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines. In this study, Fe3O4-(3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane nanocomposite was modified with a biocompatible carbohydrate D-(+)-ribonic ?-lactone (RL) and then, it was immobilized with CuO nanoparticles to produce Fe3O4-APTES-RL-CuO as a Lewis acid catalyst. The obtained catalyst was used as a green and effective heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines in ethanol. For establishing the optimum conditions, different parameters such as solvent, ultrasound power, temperature, time, and catalyst loading were investigated. Due to the presence of metal nanoparticles (Fe3O4, CuO) and D-(+)-ribonic ?-lactone with plenty of hydroxyl groups on its surface for catching CuO   , this green nanocatalyst can be used for synthesis of different organic compounds such as 1,4-dihydropyridines (1,4-DHPs) with high yields (95?) and short reaction time (15 min). This nanomagnetic catalyst can be separated easily and cleanly and also can be reused five times without remarkable loss of its activity. To illustrate the structure of the catalyst and characterize its physicochemical properties, various techniques like FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, TGA, and VSM were applied. The Fe3O4-PAT-CuO catalyst was synthesized, characterized, and utilized for the one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-imidazoles. Herein, Fe3O4    were modified with poly (2-aminothiazole) polymer then, it was immobilized with CuO nanoparticles and introduced as a nanoatalyst with superior performance for the one-pot synthesis of 2,4,5-triaryl-imidazoles in EtOH media. Various parameters like solvent, temperature, time, and catalyst loading were evaluated for determining the optimal conditions. This nanocatalyst can be separated easily from the reaction mixture by an external magnetic field and can be reused five consecutive times without significant loss of its activity. For illustrating the structure of the catalyst and characterizing the physicochemical properties, different techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, FE-SEM, EDS, TGA, and VSM were applied.    This thesis has been carried out in two parts: The Fe3O4-APTES-RL-CuO catalyst was synthesized, characterized, and utilized for the one-pot ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines. In this study, Fe3O4-(3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane nanocomposite was modified with a biocompatible carbohydrate D-(+)-ribonic ?-lactone (RL) and then, it was immobilized with CuO nanoparticles to produce Fe3O4-APTES-RL-CuO as a Lewis acid catalyst. The obtained catalyst was used as a green and effective heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot ultrasound-assisted synthesis of 1,4-dihydropyridines in ethanol. For establishing the optimum conditions, different parameters such as solvent, ultrasound power, temperature, time, and catalyst loading were investigated. Due to the presence of metal nanoparticles (Fe3O4

هدف اصلي اين پايان نامه افزايش شار آب، كاهش شار نمك معكوس و حذف رنگ با استفاده از غشاهاي PES اسمز جلويي سنتز شده است. در بخش اول، غشاهاي PES/CMK-5/EDTA FO با روش غشاي ماتريس مخلوط (MMM) با استفاده از نانوذرات CMK-5/EDTA اصلاح شدند. براي مشخص كردن غشاي اصلاح شده، ميكروسكوپ الكتروني روبشي (SEM)، ميكروسكوپ نيروي اتمي (AFM)، بازتاب كامل مادون قرمز تبديل فوريه (ATR-FTIR)، طيف‌سنجي اشعه ايكس پراكنده انرژي (EDX) زاويه تماس آب (WCA) و اندازه گيري تخلخل انجام شد. تصاوير SEM منافذ انگشت مانند را در مقايسه با غشاهاي PES برهنه نشان دادند. همچنين، تصاوير AFM نشان داد كه افزودن نانوذرات CMK-5/EDTA به ماتريس پليمري به طور مثبت زبري سطح را كاهش داد و سطح غشاي بهينه به طور قابل توجهي صاف شد. بيشترين شار آب و كمترين مقدار شار نمك معكوس در غشاي ماتريس مخلوط مربوط به غشايي با محتواي 1 وزني بود. % CMK-5/EDTA    (هنگامي كه از 2 مولار Na2SO4 به عنوان محلول كشش استفاده شد، شار آب = 31.8 LMH و شار نمك معكوس = 24.1 gMH بود). شار آب در كودها به صورت محلول هاي كششي به ترتيب (NH4)2SO4>K2SO4>KCl كاهش يافت كه با توجه به فشار اسمزي توجيه شده است. با وجود فشار اسمزي يكسان براي محلول هاي كششي Na2SO4، (NH4)2SO4، و K2SO4، شاهد روند كاهشي شار آب بوديم كه ممكن است به دليل شعاع يوني Na+، NH4+ و K+ باشد. شعاع يوني Na+، NH4+ و K+ به ترتيب 0.117 نانومتر، 0.148 نانومتر و 0.149 نانومتر است. (NH4)2SO4 به عنوان محلول كشش بيش از 95 درصد حذف رنگ راكتيو Blue 5 را نشان داد كه عملكرد بالاي كودها را نشان مي دهد. بخش دوم غشاهاي اصلاح سطح را توسط پليمر PAT سنتز شده تهيه كرد. غشاي اصلاح شده با 3 وزن. درصد پليمر PAT (M3) بهترين عملكرد را نشان داد. هنگامي كه از 2 مولار Na2SO4 به عنوان محلول كشش استفاده شد، شار آب براي اين غشاء 26.5 LMH بود، و شار نمك معكوس 7.0 gMH بود.

      First of all, thanks God for countless blessings all through my life. Without his assistance, no work was possible. There is no doubt that no one can complete his dissertation without a good deal of help along the way and this thesis is certainly not an exception. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Kiumars Bahrami, who encouraged and guided me to finish this thesis. I don't think I can fully express my sincere gratitude and I am always indebted to him and I wish him health and success. I am also very grateful to the members of my thesis committee who read my thesis.

  removal of dye, heavy metals and salts from aqueous solutions using hydrophilic and antifouling nanofiltration membranes embedded by cholorinated SBA-15 based Thio-imidazole

  The main goalof this thesis is to modify the surface of kappa-carrageenan (?-Car)-basedpolysaccharide using acidic and basic functional groups as efficient catalystsin organic reaction synthesis.   In this regard, in the first study, theacid-basic catalyst was synthesized in three steps. Due to the availablehydroxyl (-OH) groups on the surface of ?-Car, it can be easily modified.Initially, the hydroxyl groups were converted into appropriate leaving groupsusing 4-toluene sulfonyl chloride. Next, metformin was integrated into itssurface via a nucleophilic substitution mechanism. Finally, its surface wasmagnetized by Fe3O4 nanoparticles (M  ). The introducednanocomposite was characterized by various techniques, such as FT-IR, VSM,FE-SEM/EDS, TGA, and XRD. The resulting nanocatalyst showed significant activityin multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of dihydropyrano[2,3-c]pyrazolewith an efficiency of 94%.In the secondstudy, the Fe3O4@Carr-PGly-SO3H catalyst was prepared and identified by theabove techniques. The performance of the prepared nanocatalyst has been examinedin synthesis of 1-amido alkyl-2-naphthols derivatives and the conversion offructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.Interestingly,as-prepared catalytic systems can be easily separated by an external magnet and used five times without a significant decrease in theiractivities. Also, due to the presence of sulfur groups onthe surface of the second catalyst, it showed significant activity againstGram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichiacoli) strains.

   In the present thesis, the possibility of using different nanomaterials in fabricating effective immunosensors for rapid diagnosis of prostate cancer has been studied, followed by the construction of the corresponding devices. In Chapter 1, we mainly focused on the theoretical information about electrochemical biosensors and immunosensors based on nanoparticles and nanocomposites. In chapter 2, a novel sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor was introduced for the quantitative detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) using amperometric measurements. The results on the applicability of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nanoparticles (Au  ) as a modifier and gold-silver nanoclusters (Au-Ag NCs) as a label in the immunosensor are reported. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used for the characterization of the modified electrode. The linearity of the immunosensor at the very low concentration range (100.0 fg/ml to 10.0 µg/ml) and a low detection limit (LOD) of 56.01 fg/ml confirmed its high sensitivity for PSA. Chapter 3, reports the fabrication of a sensitive label-free immunosensor for PSA based on the rGO and iron-copper layered double hydroxide (Fe-Cu LDH) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The modification of the pencil graphite electrode (PGE) with the suggested nanocomposite enhanced its response to PSA and achieved a low LOD of 63.24 fg/ml. Further, the proposed structure was studied by computational, morphological, and electrochemical analysis. In conclusion, this thesis wants to serve as a potential orientation for overcoming the shortcomings of the current prostate cancer testing and contribute towards the development of effective immunosensors for PSA biomarker detection and hopefully enhance the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer.

  In this study, a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was operated for simultaneous carbon and nutrient removal from Faraman industrial wastewater which is followed by a nanocomposite polyvinilyden fluoride (PVDF) membrane to obtain high-quality effluent. The MBBR performance was evaluated over 20 different experimental conditions designed by Design Expert Software. The effects of three independent variables in three including, hydraulic retention time (HRT), air flow rate (AFR), and filling ratio (FR) on the bioreactor performance in terms of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal, total nitrogen (TN) removal, effluent N-NO3, N-NH4 removal and effluent turbidity were assessed. 5, 10, 15 h of HRT; 1, 2.5, 4 h of AFR, and 30, 50, 70% of FR were examined for modeling the bioreactor performance. sCOD and TN removal efficiencies were found to be 93.37 and 27.61 %, respectively, at the optimum condition with HRT of 10 h, AFR of 2 L/min, and FR of 70%. To investigate the stability of the suspended carriers’ performance, the MBBR was operated under the obtained optimum condition for a month which the bioreactor showed a nearly stable performance in removing carbon and nitrogen.

AbstractOil effluentsand oil-water emulsions are two examples of the main environmental pollutants.Although their amount is small in volume, but they have a high level ofpollution. In this study, the results of experimental studies of wastewatertreatment Oil and oil refinery of Kermanshah refinery has been presented byultrafiltration method using metal-organic frameworks (MOF) of TMU-5 type. TheDAF system and after the aeration system, Kermanshah refinery has been used asfeed. Has been reviewed. The results show that the flux and FRR increase withincreasing cross-sectional pressure and velocity. Analysis of treated effluentshows reduction of oil & grease, TSS, COD and turbidity by 100%. Comparisonof the obtained results shows the superiority of ultrafiltration method overbiological. The results indicate that treatment of effluent from refinery withultrafiltration process is possible. Is acceptable and the treated effluent isin accordance with environmental discharge standards.  AbstractOil effluentsand oil-water emulsions are two examples of the main environmental pollutants.Although their amount is small in volume, but they have a high level ofpollution. In this study, the results of experimental studies of wastewatertreatment Oil and oil refinery of Kermanshah refinery has been presented byultrafiltration method using metal-organic frameworks (MOF) of TMU-5 type. TheDAF system and after the aeration system, Kermanshah refinery has been used asfeed. Has been reviewed. The results show that the flux and FRR increase withincreasing cross-sectional pressure and velocity. Analysis of treated effluentshows reduction of oil & grease, TSS, COD and turbidity by 100%. Comparisonof the obtained results shows the superiority of ultrafiltration method overbiological. The results indicate that treatment of effluent from refinery withultrafiltration process is possible. Is acceptable and the treated effluent isin accordance with environmental discharge standards.    AbstractOil effluentsand oil-water emulsions are two examples of the main environmental pollutants.Although their amount is small in volume, but they have a high level ofpollution. In this study, the results of experimental studies of wastewatertreatment Oil and oil refinery of Kermanshah refinery has been presented byultrafiltration method using metal-organic frameworks (MOF) of TMU-5 type. TheDAF system and after the aeration system, Kermanshah refinery has been used asfeed. Has been reviewed. The results show that the flux and FRR increase withincreasing cross-sectional pressure and velocity. Analysis of treated effluentshows reduction of oil & grease, TSS, COD and turbidity by 100%. Comparisonof the obtained results shows the superiority of ultrafiltration method overbiological. The results indicate that treatment of effluent from refinery withultrafiltration process is possible. Is acceptable and the treated effluent isin accordance with environmental discharge standards.

   In this work, CiE/CPES mixed matrix membrane was synthesized by phase inversion method, which considered two anti-fouling and antibacterial properties. By combining CPES and CiE, both anti-fouling and antibacterial properties were significantly improved in CiE/CPES nanofiltration membrane. In order to characterization of modified membrane, SEM, AFM, ATR – FTIR, WCA and porosity measurement were performed. SEM images showed wider finger-like pores compared to unfilled CPES membrane. AFM images exhibited that the addition of CiE to polymer matrix had a positive effect on reducing the surface roughness and the surface of CiE/CPES membranes at all weight percentages of CiE has been significantly smoothed. BSA used as foulant to evaluate the anti-fouling properties of synthesized membranes. The results showed excellent self-cleaning properties (more than 95%) in all weight percentages of CiE, which indicates the successful embedment of CPES in the membrane. Also, fouling resistance parameters like Rm, Rc, Rp and Rt were evaluated and the results showed improved performance of mixed matrix NF membrane in anti-fouling properties. To confirm the antibacterial properties of CiE, agar diffusion test was investigated. A clear large halo around the CiE was observed for both model bacteria. The average halo radius was 50.98 mm for E. coli and 52.84 mm for S. aureus, which showed better performance compared to other routine studies. In order to check the antibacterial performance of membranes, bacteria suspension immersion test and SEM analysis were investigated. The results showed a significant reduction of bacteria on the surface compared to the control sample, which confirms the excellent performance of CiE in the membrane. To measure the separation performance of the membranes, the BTW rejection was evaluated. The results provided very good efficiency in BTW purification.

   Electrochemical sensors are known for their numerous advantages such as simplicity, low cost, high selectivity and high sensitivity. Hence, they have become powerful tools direction measuring various samples including foodstuffs, environment, disease diagnosis, medical surveys and security systems. Electrochemical sensors are >     In the first chapter of this section, a brief introduction of sensor and its types, voltammetric techniques, chemically modified electrode, materials used for electrode correction, check of studied analytes and research history is provided.    In the second chapter, a sensitive and selective voltammetric sensor which based on glassy carbon electrode modified with zirconium oxide-porous carbon/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanocomposite for the detection of ascorbic acid (AA) is presented. The platform was obtained by calcination of a metal-organic framework (MOF) attached to graphene oxide. Different methods were used for surface characterization. The electrochemical behavior of prepared electrode for the determination of ascorbic acid was systematically investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with the bare glassy carbon electrode (GCE), ZrO2-PCs/rGO/GCE exhibits much higher electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of ascorbic acid (AA) with increasing of peak currents and decreasing of oxidation overpotentials. Under optimum conditions, the modified electrode exhibits linear response to ascorbic acid in the range 1.49×10-1-9.8×10+3?M, with detection limit (S/N = 3) calculated to be 5.2×10-2 ?M. The electrochemical sensor presented the advantages of high selectivity, excellent reproducibility (RSD %= 0.379%) and repeatability (RSD %= 0.162%) and long-term storage stability. In addition to this ZrO2-PCs/rGO/GCE sensor was practically applied for the routine analysis of AA in various food and pharmaceutical samples. In the third chapter, by the method of carbonization of a metal-organic framework (MOF), porous carbon nanocomposite containing zirconium oxide (ZrO2-PCs) was prepared, which was proposed for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). The morphology and structure of ZrO2-PCs obtained was characterized by different methods. In addition, the electrode modified with nanocomposite was studied by various electrochemical methods, i.e., cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to investigate the electrochemical behavior. ZrO2-PCs/GCE showed high selectivity and excellent electrocatalytic activity to discriminate the three biomolecules. At the optimized conditions, wide linear range 1×100-6×10+3, 5×10-1-2.21×10+2, and 5×10-1-2.71×10+2µM of towards AA, DA, and UA in ternary mixture were observed, respectively. The modified electrode offers superior anti-interference capability, good repeatability (RSD %= 2 AA, 2.22 DA, 4.71UA) and reproducibility (RSD %= 2.59 AA, 4.48 DA, 1.37UA) and long-term stability. In addition, ZrO2-PCs/GCE was successfully used for the simultaneous measurement of AA, DA and UA in real samples.

Thelack of energy resources and pollution caused by the consumption of fossilfuels have led scientists to look for cleaner alternatives.Microbial fuel cell (MFC), as one of thebiochemical systems, has attracted theresearcher's attention due to the simultaneous energy production and wastewater treatment. The proton exchange membranes play avital role in MFC performance; their modification can lead to improvement inMFC performance and electricity generation. In the present study, sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) was used asthe polymer matrix, and nanoparticles were added in three weight percentages(0.1, 0.5, 1) and the results were compared. In the first work, ?-cyclodextrin (CD) and sulfonated ?-cyclodextrin (SCD) were used as nanoparticles.In the second work, Ni-Cr layered double hydroxide (LDH) was used, which was alsofunctionalized by sulfanilamide and (FLDH) was obtained. Finally, in the thirdwork, a combination of SCD and LDH was used as SCDFLDH nanoparticles.Nanoparticles and membranes were examined by various analyzes such as FTIR,SEM, EDX, WU, WCA, etc. The performance of the system was also checked byvariables such as columbic efficiency and power production. It was observedthat the modification of SPES membranes by these nanoparticles led to theimprovement of membrane properties including hydrophilicity and protonconductivity, due to their structure and many functional groups. Finally, bycomparing the results in each of the works, the membrane that showed betterperformance was introduced, which were SPES/S?CD 0.5% in the first work andSPES/FLDH 0.5% and SCDFLDH 0.5% in the second and third work respectively.Overall, the 0.5% SCDFLDH membrane had the best performance. This result wasconfirmed by the long-term performance of the mentioned membrane in MFC, andthe production power was 7.122 W/m2. As a result, the abovemembranes couldbe efficiently applied in MFCs for electricity generation and wastewatertreatment.Thelack of energy resources and pollution caused by the consumption of fossilfuels have led scientists to look for cleaner alternatives. MFC, as one of thebiochemical systems, has attracted the attention of researchers due to thesimultaneous energy production and wastewater treatment. The present study wascarried out with the aim of modifying the proton exchange membrane bynanoparticles and investigating their performance in microbial fuel cells. Inall works, sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) was used as the polymer matrix,and nanoparticles were added in three weight percentages (0.1, 0.5, 1) and theresults were compared. In the first work, ?-cyclodextrin (CD) and sulfonated ?-cyclodextrin (SCD) were used as nanoparticles.In the second work, Ni-Cr layered double hydroxide (LDH) was used, which was alsofunctionalized by sulfanilamide and (FLDH) was obtained. Finally, in the thirdwork, a combination of SCD and LDH was used as SCDFLDH nanoparticles.Nanoparticles and membranes were examined by various analyzes such as FTIR,SEM, EDX, WU, WCA, etc. The performance of the system was also checked byvariables such as columbic efficiency and power production. It was observedthat the modification of SPES membranes by these nanoparticles led to theimprovement of membrane properties including hydrophilicity and protonconductivity, due to their structure and many functional groups. Finally, bycomparing the results in each of the works, the membrane that showed betterperformance was introduced, which were SPES/S?CD 0.5% in the first work andSPES/FLDH 0.5% and SCDFLDH 0.5% in the second and third work respectively.Overall, the 0.5% SCDFLDH membrane had the best performance. This result wasconfirmed by the long-term performance of the mentioned membrane in MFC, andthe production power was 7.122 W/m2. As a result, the abovemembranes can be a suitable option for application in microbial fuel cells.  

   New hyperbranched polyamidoamine polymer functionalized with cucurbituril (HBPA@Cucurbituril) was fabricated to enhance the antifouling properties of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane to remove heavy metal ions (e.g., As3+ and Hg2+). ATR-FTIR, TGA, SEM, zeta potential, AFM, WCA, and SEM analyzes were used to investigate the morphology of modified membranes. The water contact angle evaluations indicated that the 0.5 wt% HBPA@cucurbituril membranes showed the best hydrophilicity improvement compared to the bare membrane (from 66.6° to 37.9°). In the best case, the optimal modified membrane (0.5 wt% of HBPA@Cucurbituril) indicated the best permeability (8.5 L/m2.h.bar), fouling resistance (92.42%), dyes rejection (Direct Red 16:98.7, Reactive Blue 19:99.8, Crystal Violet: 97.3 and Methylene Blue: 98.4%) and heavy metal removal (As3+:99.7% and Hg2+:99.2%). This study offers a clear perspective on the treatment of industrial effluents using modified membranes due to improved negative charge, smoother membrane surface, and hydrogen bond formation on the surface.

  The main purpose of thisthesis is modification of PES-based membrane using TiO2-based photocatalystto ameliorate performance and mitigation fouling of nanofiltration membrane. Inthis regard, two techniques blending and UV-grafting were applied and comparedto modify the matrix and the surface of the PES membrane using L-Lysine (C, Ncodoped)-TiO2/WO3 nanophotocatalyst. The blendedphotocatalytic membranes with four various ratios of nanophotocatalyst (0, 0.1,0.5 and 1 %) were fabricated. Also, the surface modified membranes with fourvarious ratios of nanophotocatalyst (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 wt. %) wereprepared. The modified membranes were characterized by ATR-FTIR, EDX, SEM, AFM,water contact angle, porosity and mean pore radius analysis. All photocatalyticmembranes indicated significant improvements compared to the bare membrane. Amongthe blended membranes and surface modified membranes, BM-2 with 0.5 wt. % andSM-2 with 0.03 wt. % of nanocomposite were selected as the optimal membranes. Theblended membrane was indicated great performance of high pure water flux (PWF)(50.84 kg/m2.h) and high flux recover ratio (FRR) (85.25%).Theresults were confirmed by lower water contact angle (47.1 ? for BM-2 versus 63.4 ? for M-0), SEM image, and roughness parameters. Thesurface modified membranes were revealed better antifouling capability(FRR=96.96%, Rr=65.04%, Rir=3.04%) despite a slightly PWF(49.65 kg/m2.h) lower than the blended membranes. This resultsoriginate from the change in the chemistry of membrane surface that isconsistent with AFM analysis (smoother surface) and water contact angle (higherhydrophilicity=42.6 ?). In order toinvestigate photocatalytic capability of the modified membranes, Methyl red (MR)dye solution (50 ppm) was filtered under visible light irradiation and alsodark condition. The UV-grafted modified SM-2 membrane indicated higherefficiency of dye removal under visible light irradiation (99.01%) versus darkcondition (90.55%). Consequently, the SM–2 membrane with high PWF, excellentantifouling properties and high photocatalytic capability was selected as thedesirable membrane. Accordingly, the reproducibility of the SM-2 was evaluatedby six continuous cycles of MR solutions. The permeation flux and dye removalduring six cycles of filtration for the SM-2 membrane represented the morestable trend in comparison with the M-0 membrane. Finally, filtrationprocess modeling and optimization using two independent numerical variables(feed COD concentration (C, mg/l) and working pressures (P, bar)) and onecategorical variable (effect of visible light irradiation) were performedthrough central composite design (CCD) and  response surface methodology (RSM) models for the biologically treatedbaker's yeast . To assess the filtration performance, four process responsesincluding flux (Kg/m2.h), FRR (%), dye removal efficiency (%), and COD removalefficiency (%) were measured and calculated. The results clearly indicatedpositive effect of light irradiation on photocatalytic membrane performance interms of evaluated responses. Furthermore, the feed COD concentration indicatednegative effect on amelioration of membrane performance. The increasing ofworking pressures had a desirable effect on permeation flux of optimalmembrane. However, the low efficiency of the dye removal and COD removal wasfound at high operating pressures. The optimal conditions to achieve the bestphotocatalytic membrane performance were predicted at feed COD concertation (C)of 649.1 mg/l and working pressure (P) of 4.44 bar under visible lightirradiation. According to results, the experimental data indicated a goodagreement with those predicted by central composite design (CCD) optimizationwith an error of less than 10 %.

  Given that global warming hasbecome a serious problem all over the world, the preservation of renewable andsustainable energy sources is vital. To get to these purposes, the developmentof innovative technologies, such as microbial fuel cells (MFC), has gained muchattention over recent years. The new technology is useful and caused bybenefits of power generation and wastewater treatment in time. At the firstwork of this study, the novel sulfonated polyethersulfone/polyurethane(SPES/PU) composite membranes were fabricated and used in the MFC system. Thepower generation and fabrication cost were two important factors in MFCsystems. Polyurethane polymer (PU) is cost-effective and conductive polymerthat can be used in MFCs. The hybrid SPES/PU membrane was fabricated in differentconcentrations of PU polymer (10, 30, and 50 wt.%). By addition of PU polymerup to 30 wt. %, the proton conductivity of the membranes was significantly increasedwhich leads to an increase in power generation.   The obtained cross-sectional SEMimages indicated that, the created finger-like pores for the hybrid SPES/PUmembranes were wider than bare SPES membranes. AFM images represented that,membranes with smoother surface has greater antifouling properties. The wateruptake of the SPES membrane was gradually decreased after the addition of PU, dueto reduction in loaded sulfone groups in the membrane casting solution. Thewater contact angel (WCA) measurements indicated lower hydrophilicity of thehybrid SPES/PU membranes related to the bare SPES membrane. Oxygen permeabilitywas measured by DO meter. The hybrid SPES/PU membrane with 30 wt. % of PU showedlower oxygen permeability and resulted in higher coulombic efficiency. Inaddition, the obtained results indicated that, the 30 wt. % of PU with 70 wt. %SPES showed the best performance in MFC. The power generation and water uptake of the SPES70%/PU30% membranehad to improve. In the second work, the SPES/PU membrane decorated withsynthesized nanoparticle were fabricated to improve the performance of MFC. The modified membrane SPES70%/PU30%/N.P1%had the highest power generation and coulombic efficiency related to bare SPESmembrane and SPES70%/PU30% membrane. Asparagine decorated with mixed metaloxide (Fe, Mn, Cr) as nanoparticle, was added into the casting solution tomodify hybrid SPES70%/PU30% membrane. Five different composition ofnanoparticles (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1, 1.5 wt. %) were added into the castingsolution to fabricate the membranes.   Thesurface hydrophilicity of the modified membranes was improved due to the loadedfunctional groups of asparagine (-NH, -COOH, -NH2) in the nanoparticle. However, the highercontent of nanoparticle-based on asparagine (> 1%) in the casting solution, willdecrease the membrane performance due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles in thepolymer matrix. The synthesized proton exchange membranes (PEMs) werecharacterized by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, AFM, water uptake, WCA, andoxygen permeability. The performance of the prepared membranes (bare SPES andSPES70%/PU30%) were examined in a dual-chamber MFC for wastewater treatment andpower generation. The results indicated that, the 1wt. % nanoparticle showed thebest performance comparing to the other membranes.  

During the last century, a huge amount of wastewater wasdischarged into rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Given the existing challenges,applicable technologies such as microbial fuel cell (MFC) is commonly employed totreat wastewater. However, this technology suffers from the high cost andlow proton exchange capacity related to the usage of Nafion membranes. Consideringthese shortcomings, the main aim of this study is to fabricate and modify aninnovative proton exchange membrane for improving transfer of proton,increasing power generation and coulombic efficiency. There are numerous methods for proton exchange membranemodification. One of them is doping nanoparticles. In this study, the novel Pu-HPCPnanoparticle and Pu-HPCP/SPES nanocomposite membranes with various loading ofthe referred nanoparticle (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1,1.5 wt. %) were synthesized andcharacterized. FT-IR, SEM, TGA analysis were done to characterize synthesizednanoparticle. The results showed that the Pu-HPCP nanoparticle had good thermalstability and asymmetric structure. The performance of the fabricated membraneswas investigated in the MFC as power generation and coulombic efficiency. Theexperimental results demonstrated that, the SPES membrane with 1 wt.% ofPu-HPCP nanoparticle had the maximum power generation and coulombic efficiencyof 35 mW.m-2 and 69%, respectively. The observed properties of lowbiofouling, low oxygen permeability, high power generation, high COD removaland coulombic efficiency (CE) indicated that the 1wt.% Pu-HPCP/SPES membranehas potential to improve significantly the productivity of MFCs.  

  In thisdissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods. In this dissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods. In this dissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods.

جيوه كه آن را سمياب هم مي نامند عنصر شيميايي است، كه در جدول تناوبي داراي عدد اتمي 80 مي باشد. جيوه كه فلزي سبك، نقره اي، سمي و جز عناصر واسطه مي باشد يكي از دو عنصري است كه در دماي معمولي اتاق حالت مايع دارد. جيوه را چيني ها و هندي هاي باستان شناخته بودند. در گورهاي متعلق به 1500 سال قبل از ميلاد يافت شدند. يونانيان از اين فلز سمي در پمادها و روميان در لوازم آرايشي استفاده كردند. بيشترين كاربرد جيوه در ساخت مواد شيميايي، صنعتي وكاربرد برقي و الكتريكي است. وجود غلظت هاي قابل ملاحظه جيوه در آب معمولا در اثر تخليه پساب هاي معدني، صنعتي و كشاورزي اتفاق مي افتد. جيوه به شدت سمي است اگر خورده شود منجر به ضايعات مغزي و كبدي مي شود، جيوه به راحتي از طريق بافت هاي پوستي، تنفسي و گوارشي جذب مي شود و تاثير بسيار بدي روي لثه و دندان مي گذارد. [5]  سايز نانو مواد باعث خواص فيزيكي و شيميايي ويژه و متفاوتي از مواد حجيم و يا ذرات بزرگ مي شود. مواد در مقياس نانو مفيدتر و با صرفه تر از مواد بزرگ و حجيم هستند. نانوذرات مساحت سطحي بالاتري نسبت به حجم دارند كه منجر به افزايش واكنش مي شوند. نانوذرات فلزي مثل طلا، مس، روي و نقره به علت سطح بزرگتر نسبت به حجم شان پتانسيل اثر ضد باكتري قوي دارند. از ميان همه اين ها ثابت شده كه نانوذره نقره موثرترين عامل ضدميكروبي بر عليه باكتري ها، ويروس ها و ساير ميكروارگانيزم هاي يوكاريوتي هستند. امروزه با فن آوري نانو توانسته اند نقره فلزي را به شكل ذراتي با سايز كمتر از 100 نانومتر به دست آورند كه حاوي حدود1000 تا 1500 اتم نقره است. كه آن ها را نانوذرات نقره مي نامند. نانوذرات نقره با قطر 5   نانومتر مي توانند تكثير ويروس ايدز و ويروس آنفلوآنزا را نيز مهار نمايند. روش هاي مختلفي براي سنتز نانوذرات   نقره وجود دارد ولي استفاده از گياهان به دليل هزينه كم، سازگاري با محيط و غيرسمي بودن بسيار مورد توجه قرار مي گيرد. [11]بنابراين در مطالعه حاضر يك روش ساده و دقيق براي اندازه گيري جيوه موجود در آب را با استفاده از سنتز سبز نانوذرات نقره تهيه شده با عصاره زغال اخته معرفي مي كنيم.     نيترات يك يون چند اتمي بي رنگ، بي بو و بدون طمع كه جز از راه آزمايش قابل تشخيص نيست. نيترات به صورت طبيعي در آب آشاميدني و زيرزميني وجود دارد. در صنعت كشاورزي از نيترات سديم و نيترات پتاسيم به عنوان كود شيميايي استفاده مي شود. مطالعات انجام شده در كلمبيا نشان داده كه رابطه معني داري بين شيوع سرطان معده و غلظت نيترات در آب آشاميدني وجود دارد. چهار منشا براي بالا بردن ميزان نيترات در آب ها مي توان پيشنهاد داد :   مواد چاه هاي فاضلاب خانگي و مواد زايد شهري كه به روش غير بهداشتي دفع مي شوند، كودهاي شيميايي و فضولات حيواني- انساني، انحلال نهشته هاي تبخيري يا خاك هاي غني از نيترات، تثبيت زيستي نيتروژن در خاك توسط باكتري ها و سپس انحلال آن در آب. سازمان جهاني بهداشت مقدار مجاز نيترات در آب را 50   ميلي گرم بر ليتر و براي اطفال 15 ميلي گرم بر ليتر اعلام كرده است. [18

  Synthesis of tin chloride dimethyl bipyridine tin complex and its interaction with calf thymus DNA and human serum protein using instrumental and spectrometric methods and observation and recording of results to discover anticancer drug properties and the effect of this complex in stopping the growth of facial cancer cells Took

  To control the corrosion rate of temporarymagnesium (alloy AZ31) implants, we used Polycaprolactone (PCL) polymer nanofibers in the presence of curcumin (Cur), which has anti-inflammatory and anti-infection properties. We produced PCL, PCL-Cur, and Sodium Alginate (SA), Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer coatings, which SA-PVA was used as an undercoat to increase adhesion, using a simple and cost-effective electrospinning technique. We used drug release, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Contact Angle (CA) tests, to examine the properties of the produced fibers, and we found out that the produced fibers have continuous strands in nanoscale dimensions, and the presence of Cur had no effect on PCL fiber morphology, and only it increased fiber adhesion slightly. We used weight measurement tests, pH measurement, SEM, Polarization, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to evaluate the effect of different polymeric coatings on the surface of Mg metal. Finally, we found that the PCL-Cur hydrophobic polymer coating had the best function during the study period in the simulated body fluid (SBF).

  Human serum albumin nanoparticles as an effective exemestane drug delivery system to treat breast cancer: preparation and analysis