Ali Akbar Zinatizadeh

   In recent years, microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have attracted considerable attention as promising technologies for simultaneous wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation. However, the performance of proton exchange membranes (PEMs), as one of the key components of MFC systems, is still limited by challenges such as oxygen crossover, low proton conductivity, and high internal resistance. In the present study, eucalyptus plant extract was utilized as an environmentally friendly bio-based additive for the modification of sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) membranes in order to improve their physicochemical and electrochemical performance in MFCs. For this purpose, SPES membranes containing different concentrations of eucalyptus extract (EE) including 0.5, 1, and 1.5 wt% were fabricated and compared with the bare membrane. Various characterization techniques including FTIR, ATR-FTIR, SEM, water uptake (WU), cation exchange capacity (CEC), water contact angle (WCA), dissolved oxygen (DO) analysis were employed to investigate membrane properties. Furthermore, electrochemical performance was evaluated using polarization curves, power density (PD), current density (CD), COD removal, and coulombic efficiency (CE). FTIR and ATR-FTIR analyses confirmed the successful incorporation of EE into the membrane structure. SEM images revealed that the modified membranes exhibited more compact and homogeneous morphologies compared to the bare membrane. In addition, incorporation of EE enhanced membrane hydrophilicity, improved CEC, and reduced oxygen crossover. Among all fabricated membranes, the membrane containing 1 wt% EE exhibited the best overall performance. This membrane achieved the highest PD of 193.4 mW m?² and maximum CD of 716.2 mA m?². Moreover, the highest COD removal (89.16%) and CE (76.11%) were also obtained for this membrane. The enhanced performance can be attributed to improved hydrophilicity, enhanced proton tra  ort capability, higher CEC, and lower oxygen permeability. Overall, the obtained results demonstrated that EE can effectively improve the performance of SPES membranes for MFC applications and provides a promising approach for the development of sustainable and environmentally friendly PEMs.   

Polymeric nanofiltration membranes have shown significant efficacy in rejecting heavy metals from wastewater. However, fouling remains a key challenge, leading to a decline in the performance of these membranes. This research is dedicated to the modification of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofiltration membranes using the deep eutectic solvent L-menthol:ethylene glycol with the aim of reducing fouling and increasing the membrane’s permeate flux. The presence of hydrophilic functional groups was confirmed using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis of the Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) and the resulting modified membranes. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) were employed to investigate the morphology, porosity, pore size distribution, and water contact angle. The modified membranes exhibited a lower water droplet contact angle compared to the pristine membrane due to the hydrophilicity imparted by the nanoparticles, decreasing from 87.6 degree for the pristine membrane to 69.2 degree for the modified membrane containing 0.3% nanoparticles. Furthermore, the pore size in these membranes significantly increased, which consequently led to an improvement in membrane flux. The PAN/DES0.3 membrane modified with 0.3% w/w of the Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) demonstrated the highest flux, recovery rate, and lowest fouling propensity. The modified PAN membrane showed the highest heavy metal ion rejection rates, achieving 98.11% for Pb2+ and 96.43% for Mn2+. Conversely, the lowest rejection rates for the same metals were observed in the unmodified PAN/DES0.3 membrane, measuring 38.82% and 36.1% for Pb2+ and Mn2+ , respectively. Consequently, the modified PAN membranes demonstrated heavy metal rejection exceeding 96%   

   Abstract: Pollution of water resources from industrial wastewater containing persistent organic compounds has become a serious environmental challenge. Conventional treatment methods and common polymer membranes such as polyether sulfone (PES) face problems such as fouling and limited efficiency in removing persistent pollutants. This research aimed to prepare a novel photocatalytic membrane through surface modification with superior performance and self-cleaning properties. In this regard, the surface of polyether sulfone membranes was coated using TiO?-chlorophyll photocatalytic nanoclay to overcome the limitation of TiO? activity in the ultraviolet region and to use visible sunlight for its activation. In this study, TiO?-chlorophyll nanoclay was first synthesized chemically. Then, the surface of PES-based membranes was modified using aqueous suspensions containing different proportions (0.01 to 0.03 wt%) of this nanoclay through coating. The characterization of the nanocomposite and modified membranes was performed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), emission reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The performance of the membranes was evaluated in terms of pure water flux, pollutant removal efficiency (direct dye), fouling resistance, and reusability. The results showed that surface modification with nanoclay caused a shift in the optical absorption band of TiO? from 380 to about 480 nm and a significant increase in the hydrophilicity of the membrane surface (a decrease in the contact angle from 74 to 54 degrees). The optimized membrane (M-0.02) with 0.02 wt% nanoclay increased the pure water flux from 17.7 to 50.8 L/m²·h, and the direct dye removal efficiency under visible light reached 93%, while this efficiency was only 64% in the dark. This difference indicates a significant contribution of photocatalysis to the removal process. The membrane also showed a flux recovery ratio (FRR) of over 85%, indicating its excellent self-cleaning property. The results of stability tests also indicated the stable performance of the photocatalytic layer in successive use cycles. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the surface modification of PES membrane with TiO?-chlorophyll nanoclay is a sustainable, biocompatible and efficient solution for the effective treatment of industrial wastewater, especially dye-bearing wastewater.   

  In this study, the effect of different pretreatment methods on solubilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) and subsequent methane production was systematically investigated. Three pretreatment strategies, including homogenization, ultrasonication, and enzymatic hydrolysis, were applied and optimized in separate steps. In the first stage, homogenization pretreatment for 1 hour at 3000 rpm generated strong shear forces, cavitation, and turbulence, leading to significant sludge hydrolysis. This resulted in an sCOD concentration of 2210 mg/L, VSS removal of 63.33%, NH? concentration of 6.13 mg/L, and PO?³? concentration of 9.56 mg/L. Higher homogenization speed enhanced sludge disruption and solubilization. In the second stage, the effect of ultrasonication parameters, including sonication time, amplitude, and pulse mode, was evaluated. At the optimal condition (100% amplitude, pulse mode 1, and 60 minutes), VSS reduction reached 61.41% and sCOD concentration increased to 5010 mg/L, highlighting the direct influence of these parameters on sludge disintegration. In the third stage, enzymatic pretreatment was performed using amylase, protease, and lipase. A total of 90 experiments were designed by RSM to assess the effects of retention time, temperature, initial pH, enzyme dosage, and enzyme type. Optimum conditions were identified as retention time of 6 h, temperature of 55°C, pH 9.5, and enzyme dosage of 5%. Finally, anaerobic digestion (AD) was conducted under these optimal pretreatment conditions. After 344 h of AD, measurements of VSS, sCOD, TCOD, pH, and gas pressure indicated enhanced methane production and reduced retention time compared to untreated sludge. Among all methods, enzymatic hydrolysis using amylase demonstrated superior efficiency in gas production over ultrasonication and homogenization.

      Although airlift bioreactors have recently achieved success in the simultaneous removal of carbon (C) and nutrients (N and P) from various wastewaters, their focus has largely been on conventional mechanisms such as simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) and enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). Building on this, the present study aimed to establish diverse mechanisms for synchronous CNP removal in a hybrid dual internal circulation airlift A2O (DCAL-A2O) bioreactor by implementing specific operating conditions. The influence of nitrogenous species, particularly NH4+-N/(NH4+-N + NO3--N) ratio (0.5-1.0), and hydraulic retention time (HRT; 8-12h) on the bioreactor's performance was investigated. The synergistic effect of various biological mechanisms played a significant role in achieving simultaneous CNP removal in a single-stage bioreactor. Under optimal conditions, achieved at an NH4+-N/(NH4+-N + NO3--N) ratio of 0.55 and an HRT of 10.5 h, the bioreactor demonstrated exceptional performance, with removal efficiencies of 95.4 % for total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) (inlet: 1500 mg/L), 86 % for total nitrogen (TN) (inlet: 210 mg/L), and 66 % for total phosphorus (TP) (inlet: 45 mg/L), along with an effluent turbidity of 9 NTU. Furthermore, the hybrid DCAL-A2O bioreactor exhibited outstanding nitrate removal efficiency of 98 % when treating high-strength nitrate wastewater (262.5 mg/L). In conclusion, the hybrid DCAL-A2O bioreactor proved to be highly effective for simultaneous CNP removal and demonstrated superior performance in nitrate removal from high-strength nitrate wastewater.

I sincerely thank God, Merciful and Almighty, for the divine guidance and i  iration that enabled me to pursue this path and reach this academic level. I sincerely thank my supervisors, Prof Ali Akbar Zinatizadeh, and Dr. Sirus Zinadini, as well as my advisers, Dr. Sara Ivani, and Dr. Mehdi Khiadani, for their invaluable support and insightful recommendations throughout this project, which significantly contributed to its success. I sincerely thank the referees for their thorough review of this thesis and my supportive friends and colleagues for the enjoyable moments we shared. It is worth mentioning that the completion of this thesis owes to the knowledge, patience, and extraordinary attention of these magnanimous professors, and I once again thank them. And I am thanking God for putting these magnanimous professors on the path to completion of this project. And in the end, I sincerely appreciate my parents for their massive support at all stages of life.      

   حذف همزمان كربن و مواد مغذي (CNP) در يك بيوراكتور واحد از نظر حجم راكتور و مصرف انرژي از اهميت بالايي برخوردار است.از اين رو، در اين مطالعه، دو راكتور زيستي لجن فعال (AS) و لجن فعال با رشد چسبيده ثابت (IFAS) با پيكر­بندي تقسيم بندي شده، جهت حذف همزمان كربن و مواد مغذي از پساب سنتزي رب گوجه فرنگي و در نهايت مقايسه عملكرد دو راكتور مذكور به كار گرفته شد. در اين مطالعه تأثير دو متغير مستقل بر عملكرد بيوراكتورها مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. براي ارزيابي عملكرد فرآيند هشت پاسخ مختلف در طول 13 اجرا در شرايط آزمايشي مختلف طراحي شده توسط نرم افزار Design Expert Software ارزيابي شد. تأثير دو متغير مستقل شامل زمان ماند هيدروليك   (HRT)، سرعت جريان هوا (AFR) بر عملكرد بيوراكتور از نظر حذف اكسيژن محلول شيميايي (COD)، حذف نيتروژن كل (TN)، پساب   -NO3، حذف N-NH4 و كدورت پساب بررسي شد. HRT هاي 4، 8, 12 ساعت و AFR هاي 2، 3 و 4 ليتر در دقيقه براي مدل­سازي عملكرد بيوراكتور مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. بازده حذف PO4،   COD، TN وN-NH   در شرايط بهينه با HRT 12ساعت و AFR 3 ليتر در دقيقه براي راكتور AS به ترتيب17.89 و   92.94 و 50.069 و 50.423درصد بود كه اين بازده حذف در راكتور IFAS به ترتيب88.91 و98.85 و40.75 و30.97 درصد بود. براي بررسي پايداري عملكرد دو راكتور مذكور تحت شرايط بهينه به‌دست ‌آمده هر دو راكتور به مدت يك ماه مورد بررسي قرار گرفتند، كه بيوراكتورها عملكرد تقريباً پايداري از خود نشان دادند. نتايج نشان داد كه راندمان حذف COD در هردو راكتور به دليل ساختار منحصر به فرد راكتور مورد استفاده بالاي 90 درصد بود، در حالي كه حذف مواد مغذي تابع شرايط آزمايش بود. با بررسي كلي نتايج به دست آمده مي­توان نتيجه گرفت كه اولا ساختار منحصر به فرد راكتور مورد استفاده نقطه قوت اصلي اين مطالعه است كه سبب بالا بردن كارايي هردو حالت راكتور شد. ثانيا از مقايسه كلي داده­ها نتيجه گرفت كه علاوه بر ثابت بودن شرايط حاكم بر هردو راكتور و كارايي بالاي هردو، مي­توان با اختلافي چشمگير به برتري نسبي راكتور IFAS اذعان داشت.   

   In this project, a NF (PES-based) polymer membrane was synthesized with the objective of achieving high performance in terms of flux, antifouling properties, and dye removal. High performance in this membrane was obtained by adding carbon quantum dots and sulfonated polyether sulfone polymer into the membrane matrix. The CQD was prepared from yeast factory waste (vinasse) using the solvothermal method with DMAc solvent. The SPES polymer was synthesized from PES through a sulfonation process using chlorosulfonic acid. Various analyses were used to characterize the CQDs synthesized. The FTIR was used to investigate the hydrophilic functional groups, XRD was utilized to show the crystal structure, DLS was utilized to measure the particle size distribution, and EDX to investigate the elements in the CQDs. Additionally, FTIR analysis was used to confirm the sulfonation of the PES polymer. The mixed matrix method was employed for membrane synthesis, incorporating different percentages of CQD and SPES. The performance of the membranes was evaluated in terms of flux, resistance to fouling, mechanical strength, and dye removal. The results indicated that the addition of CQD to the membrane structure increased flux by 3.82 times and FRR by 1.69 times compared to the bare state. To enhance and sustain membrane performance, SPES was utilized as an immobilizer for CQD in the membrane structure. Incorporating 10% SPES and 0.1wt% CQD into the membrane resulted in a 4.6 times increase in flux and a 2.27 times increase in FRR compared to the bare state. The optimized synthesized membrane has the capability to remove 95.12% of color from wastewater. Additionally, incorporating SPES into the membrane structure not only enhances membrane performance through the presence of sulfone hydrophilic groups, but also forms a crosslink between the amine groups in CQD and the sulfone groups in SPES. This stabilizes the CQD within the membrane structure, ensuring the membrane's functionality is maintained for an extended period.

  The main goal of this thesis is to prepare

Bilirubin BR a bile pigment is present in human serum in two different forms unconjugated bilirubin Bu and conjugated bilirubin BC the clinical significance of the bilirubin determination plays a major role in diagnosis prediction and treatment of hemolytic disorders in both adult and Infants. BR, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, is a remarkable marker for the diagnosis of hemolytic disorders. Low BR concentration in the blood is caused by a high risk of coronary heart disease and iron deficiency and high level leads to hyperbilirubinemia, so it’s important to find easy, inexpensive, and sensitive methods to determine a percentage of BR. There are many methods to determine BR, one of them is the “Fluorometric method” which possesses several appealing features, including low cost, easy preparation and fast response which could hold great potential for diagnostics applications. BR acts as a bichromophoric molecule. This feature accounts for the variability of BR absorption and fluorescence properties and for inter chromophore exciton energy transfer events, depending on the concentration of the molecule and its microenvironment in solution, and on the wavelength of interrogating light cost effective fluorescent Nano- sensor was developed for the early and easy detection of hyperbilirubinemia. Fluorescent copper nanoclusters due to their fast surface oxidation may cause a challenge to prepare it. However, it also has properties such as low cost. But it’s also had some properties such as, their low cost, good water solubility and wide availability of precursor become an active research area, copper nanocluster has excellent fluorescent properties that paved the way to development of new sensors complexed with chitosan as a stabilized factor of copper nanoclusters and to trace the presence of BR. The emission spectra were recorded in the wavelength range of 300 to 500 nm upon excitation at 330 nm. The present sensing strategy has appealing features, including low cost, easy preparation and fast response which could hold great potential for biological and clinical diagnostics applications. Numerous nano materials capable of emitting fluorescent light, have been developed for biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery for biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery. These include nanocluster, silica-based materials, nanoparticles, quantum dots QDs . So, the second sensor is Carbon quantum dots CQDs (typical size <10nm). That is prepared by hydrothermal carbonization and uses curcumin with citric acid and thiourea to produce these carbon quantum dots. So, such as new curcumin has limitations in clinical studies because of its stability, low water solubility, and adsorption. So, to improve the properties of curcumin and use nanostructured material carriers and to enhance Curcumin availability. This sensor is very selective to determine BR and very sensitive.  

  AbstractCurrently,fossil fuel are the main source of energy supply in the world. But due to theincreasing need for energy and the limitation of fossil resources and the environmental pollution, caused by burning them,the desire to use clean energy, such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydrogen andbiomass energy instead of fossil fuels, has increased. Biomass is the fourthlargest source of energy in the world and supplies about 14% of the world'senergy, and the production of energy from these renewable materials reduces theemission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is alsobio- electrochemical system (BES) which, in addition to generating electricity,also treats wastewater. Of course, electricity generation is the most importantapplication of MFC. But, the production rate of this energy in MFC is low.Various methods are used to solve this problem. Such as the use of differentnanoparticles to increase the amount of electricity produced, higher protonconductivity and coulombic efficiency and reduce manufacturing costs comparedto commercial Nafion membrane. Therefore, the main objective of this study isto fabricate and modify an innovative cost-effective proton exchange membraneto improve proton transfer, increase  power generation and coulombic efficiency. Therefore, in this study, EP-PWA/SPESnanocomposite membranes were synthesized and characterized by loading differentpercentages (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5 wt.%) of new EP-PWA nanoparticles. EDAX,MAP, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and CA analysis were performed to investigate theperformance of nanoparticles o  synthesized membranes with different percentages. The results showedthat EP-PWA nanoparticle has a very good perfprmance. The performance of themembranes made in MFC was evaluated in terms of power density, COD removal,water absorption and coulombic efficiency. The Experimental results showed thatSPES membrane with 0.5 wt.% of   EP-PWA nanoparticlewas selected as the optimal membrane and showed the maximum power density, CODremoval, water absorption and coulombic efficiency of 107.69 mW.m2,90.79%, 79.85%, 65.18% respectively. The observed properties indicated higherpower density, water absorption and coulombic efficiency and lower oxygenpermeability in the synthesized membranes compared to the commercial Nafion 117membrane. The obtained results showed that the optimal membrane M3(EP-PWA/SPES 0.5 wt.%) due to the increase in the efficiency of the system andthe significant reduction in construction costs, has the potential tosignificantly   improve the productivity of microbial fuelcell (MFC).     

هدف اصلي اين پايان نامه افزايش شار آب، كاهش شار نمك معكوس و حذف رنگ با استفاده از غشاهاي PES اسمز جلويي سنتز شده است. در بخش اول، غشاهاي PES/CMK-5/EDTA FO با روش غشاي ماتريس مخلوط (MMM) با استفاده از نانوذرات CMK-5/EDTA اصلاح شدند. براي مشخص كردن غشاي اصلاح شده، ميكروسكوپ الكتروني روبشي (SEM)، ميكروسكوپ نيروي اتمي (AFM)، بازتاب كامل مادون قرمز تبديل فوريه (ATR-FTIR)، طيف‌سنجي اشعه ايكس پراكنده انرژي (EDX) زاويه تماس آب (WCA) و اندازه گيري تخلخل انجام شد. تصاوير SEM منافذ انگشت مانند را در مقايسه با غشاهاي PES برهنه نشان دادند. همچنين، تصاوير AFM نشان داد كه افزودن نانوذرات CMK-5/EDTA به ماتريس پليمري به طور مثبت زبري سطح را كاهش داد و سطح غشاي بهينه به طور قابل توجهي صاف شد. بيشترين شار آب و كمترين مقدار شار نمك معكوس در غشاي ماتريس مخلوط مربوط به غشايي با محتواي 1 وزني بود. % CMK-5/EDTA    (هنگامي كه از 2 مولار Na2SO4 به عنوان محلول كشش استفاده شد، شار آب = 31.8 LMH و شار نمك معكوس = 24.1 gMH بود). شار آب در كودها به صورت محلول هاي كششي به ترتيب (NH4)2SO4>K2SO4>KCl كاهش يافت كه با توجه به فشار اسمزي توجيه شده است. با وجود فشار اسمزي يكسان براي محلول هاي كششي Na2SO4، (NH4)2SO4، و K2SO4، شاهد روند كاهشي شار آب بوديم كه ممكن است به دليل شعاع يوني Na+، NH4+ و K+ باشد. شعاع يوني Na+، NH4+ و K+ به ترتيب 0.117 نانومتر، 0.148 نانومتر و 0.149 نانومتر است. (NH4)2SO4 به عنوان محلول كشش بيش از 95 درصد حذف رنگ راكتيو Blue 5 را نشان داد كه عملكرد بالاي كودها را نشان مي دهد. بخش دوم غشاهاي اصلاح سطح را توسط پليمر PAT سنتز شده تهيه كرد. غشاي اصلاح شده با 3 وزن. درصد پليمر PAT (M3) بهترين عملكرد را نشان داد. هنگامي كه از 2 مولار Na2SO4 به عنوان محلول كشش استفاده شد، شار آب براي اين غشاء 26.5 LMH بود، و شار نمك معكوس 7.0 gMH بود.

  removal of dye, heavy metals and salts from aqueous solutions using hydrophilic and antifouling nanofiltration membranes embedded by cholorinated SBA-15 based Thio-imidazole

  In this study, a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was operated for simultaneous carbon and nutrient removal from Faraman industrial wastewater which is followed by a nanocomposite polyvinilyden fluoride (PVDF) membrane to obtain high-quality effluent. The MBBR performance was evaluated over 20 different experimental conditions designed by Design Expert Software. The effects of three independent variables in three including, hydraulic retention time (HRT), air flow rate (AFR), and filling ratio (FR) on the bioreactor performance in terms of soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) removal, total nitrogen (TN) removal, effluent N-NO3, N-NH4 removal and effluent turbidity were assessed. 5, 10, 15 h of HRT; 1, 2.5, 4 h of AFR, and 30, 50, 70% of FR were examined for modeling the bioreactor performance. sCOD and TN removal efficiencies were found to be 93.37 and 27.61 %, respectively, at the optimum condition with HRT of 10 h, AFR of 2 L/min, and FR of 70%. To investigate the stability of the suspended carriers’ performance, the MBBR was operated under the obtained optimum condition for a month which the bioreactor showed a nearly stable performance in removing carbon and nitrogen.

AbstractOil effluentsand oil-water emulsions are two examples of the main environmental pollutants.Although their amount is small in volume, but they have a high level ofpollution. In this study, the results of experimental studies of wastewatertreatment Oil and oil refinery of Kermanshah refinery has been presented byultrafiltration method using metal-organic frameworks (MOF) of TMU-5 type. TheDAF system and after the aeration system, Kermanshah refinery has been used asfeed. Has been reviewed. The results show that the flux and FRR increase withincreasing cross-sectional pressure and velocity. Analysis of treated effluentshows reduction of oil & grease, TSS, COD and turbidity by 100%. Comparisonof the obtained results shows the superiority of ultrafiltration method overbiological. The results indicate that treatment of effluent from refinery withultrafiltration process is possible. Is acceptable and the treated effluent isin accordance with environmental discharge standards.  AbstractOil effluentsand oil-water emulsions are two examples of the main environmental pollutants.Although their amount is small in volume, but they have a high level ofpollution. In this study, the results of experimental studies of wastewatertreatment Oil and oil refinery of Kermanshah refinery has been presented byultrafiltration method using metal-organic frameworks (MOF) of TMU-5 type. TheDAF system and after the aeration system, Kermanshah refinery has been used asfeed. Has been reviewed. The results show that the flux and FRR increase withincreasing cross-sectional pressure and velocity. Analysis of treated effluentshows reduction of oil & grease, TSS, COD and turbidity by 100%. Comparisonof the obtained results shows the superiority of ultrafiltration method overbiological. The results indicate that treatment of effluent from refinery withultrafiltration process is possible. Is acceptable and the treated effluent isin accordance with environmental discharge standards.    AbstractOil effluentsand oil-water emulsions are two examples of the main environmental pollutants.Although their amount is small in volume, but they have a high level ofpollution. In this study, the results of experimental studies of wastewatertreatment Oil and oil refinery of Kermanshah refinery has been presented byultrafiltration method using metal-organic frameworks (MOF) of TMU-5 type. TheDAF system and after the aeration system, Kermanshah refinery has been used asfeed. Has been reviewed. The results show that the flux and FRR increase withincreasing cross-sectional pressure and velocity. Analysis of treated effluentshows reduction of oil & grease, TSS, COD and turbidity by 100%. Comparisonof the obtained results shows the superiority of ultrafiltration method overbiological. The results indicate that treatment of effluent from refinery withultrafiltration process is possible. Is acceptable and the treated effluent isin accordance with environmental discharge standards.

   In this work, CiE/CPES mixed matrix membrane was synthesized by phase inversion method, which considered two anti-fouling and antibacterial properties. By combining CPES and CiE, both anti-fouling and antibacterial properties were significantly improved in CiE/CPES nanofiltration membrane. In order to characterization of modified membrane, SEM, AFM, ATR – FTIR, WCA and porosity measurement were performed. SEM images showed wider finger-like pores compared to unfilled CPES membrane. AFM images exhibited that the addition of CiE to polymer matrix had a positive effect on reducing the surface roughness and the surface of CiE/CPES membranes at all weight percentages of CiE has been significantly smoothed. BSA used as foulant to evaluate the anti-fouling properties of synthesized membranes. The results showed excellent self-cleaning properties (more than 95%) in all weight percentages of CiE, which indicates the successful embedment of CPES in the membrane. Also, fouling resistance parameters like Rm, Rc, Rp and Rt were evaluated and the results showed improved performance of mixed matrix NF membrane in anti-fouling properties. To confirm the antibacterial properties of CiE, agar diffusion test was investigated. A clear large halo around the CiE was observed for both model bacteria. The average halo radius was 50.98 mm for E. coli and 52.84 mm for S. aureus, which showed better performance compared to other routine studies. In order to check the antibacterial performance of membranes, bacteria suspension immersion test and SEM analysis were investigated. The results showed a significant reduction of bacteria on the surface compared to the control sample, which confirms the excellent performance of CiE in the membrane. To measure the separation performance of the membranes, the BTW rejection was evaluated. The results provided very good efficiency in BTW purification.

   New hyperbranched polyamidoamine polymer functionalized with cucurbituril (HBPA@Cucurbituril) was fabricated to enhance the antifouling properties of polyethersulfone (PES) membrane to remove heavy metal ions (e.g., As3+ and Hg2+). ATR-FTIR, TGA, SEM, zeta potential, AFM, WCA, and SEM analyzes were used to investigate the morphology of modified membranes. The water contact angle evaluations indicated that the 0.5 wt% HBPA@cucurbituril membranes showed the best hydrophilicity improvement compared to the bare membrane (from 66.6° to 37.9°). In the best case, the optimal modified membrane (0.5 wt% of HBPA@Cucurbituril) indicated the best permeability (8.5 L/m2.h.bar), fouling resistance (92.42%), dyes rejection (Direct Red 16:98.7, Reactive Blue 19:99.8, Crystal Violet: 97.3 and Methylene Blue: 98.4%) and heavy metal removal (As3+:99.7% and Hg2+:99.2%). This study offers a clear perspective on the treatment of industrial effluents using modified membranes due to improved negative charge, smoother membrane surface, and hydrogen bond formation on the surface.

Thelack of energy resources and pollution caused by the consumption of fossilfuels have led scientists to look for cleaner alternatives.Microbial fuel cell (MFC), as one of thebiochemical systems, has attracted theresearcher's attention due to the simultaneous energy production and wastewater treatment. The proton exchange membranes play avital role in MFC performance; their modification can lead to improvement inMFC performance and electricity generation. In the present study, sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) was used asthe polymer matrix, and nanoparticles were added in three weight percentages(0.1, 0.5, 1) and the results were compared. In the first work, ?-cyclodextrin (CD) and sulfonated ?-cyclodextrin (SCD) were used as nanoparticles.In the second work, Ni-Cr layered double hydroxide (LDH) was used, which was alsofunctionalized by sulfanilamide and (FLDH) was obtained. Finally, in the thirdwork, a combination of SCD and LDH was used as SCDFLDH nanoparticles.Nanoparticles and membranes were examined by various analyzes such as FTIR,SEM, EDX, WU, WCA, etc. The performance of the system was also checked byvariables such as columbic efficiency and power production. It was observedthat the modification of SPES membranes by these nanoparticles led to theimprovement of membrane properties including hydrophilicity and protonconductivity, due to their structure and many functional groups. Finally, bycomparing the results in each of the works, the membrane that showed betterperformance was introduced, which were SPES/S?CD 0.5% in the first work andSPES/FLDH 0.5% and SCDFLDH 0.5% in the second and third work respectively.Overall, the 0.5% SCDFLDH membrane had the best performance. This result wasconfirmed by the long-term performance of the mentioned membrane in MFC, andthe production power was 7.122 W/m2. As a result, the abovemembranes couldbe efficiently applied in MFCs for electricity generation and wastewatertreatment.Thelack of energy resources and pollution caused by the consumption of fossilfuels have led scientists to look for cleaner alternatives. MFC, as one of thebiochemical systems, has attracted the attention of researchers due to thesimultaneous energy production and wastewater treatment. The present study wascarried out with the aim of modifying the proton exchange membrane bynanoparticles and investigating their performance in microbial fuel cells. Inall works, sulfonated polyether sulfone (SPES) was used as the polymer matrix,and nanoparticles were added in three weight percentages (0.1, 0.5, 1) and theresults were compared. In the first work, ?-cyclodextrin (CD) and sulfonated ?-cyclodextrin (SCD) were used as nanoparticles.In the second work, Ni-Cr layered double hydroxide (LDH) was used, which was alsofunctionalized by sulfanilamide and (FLDH) was obtained. Finally, in the thirdwork, a combination of SCD and LDH was used as SCDFLDH nanoparticles.Nanoparticles and membranes were examined by various analyzes such as FTIR,SEM, EDX, WU, WCA, etc. The performance of the system was also checked byvariables such as columbic efficiency and power production. It was observedthat the modification of SPES membranes by these nanoparticles led to theimprovement of membrane properties including hydrophilicity and protonconductivity, due to their structure and many functional groups. Finally, bycomparing the results in each of the works, the membrane that showed betterperformance was introduced, which were SPES/S?CD 0.5% in the first work andSPES/FLDH 0.5% and SCDFLDH 0.5% in the second and third work respectively.Overall, the 0.5% SCDFLDH membrane had the best performance. This result wasconfirmed by the long-term performance of the mentioned membrane in MFC, andthe production power was 7.122 W/m2. As a result, the abovemembranes can be a suitable option for application in microbial fuel cells.  

  The main purpose of thisthesis is modification of PES-based membrane using TiO2-based photocatalystto ameliorate performance and mitigation fouling of nanofiltration membrane. Inthis regard, two techniques blending and UV-grafting were applied and comparedto modify the matrix and the surface of the PES membrane using L-Lysine (C, Ncodoped)-TiO2/WO3 nanophotocatalyst. The blendedphotocatalytic membranes with four various ratios of nanophotocatalyst (0, 0.1,0.5 and 1 %) were fabricated. Also, the surface modified membranes with fourvarious ratios of nanophotocatalyst (0.01, 0.03, 0.05 and 0.07 wt. %) wereprepared. The modified membranes were characterized by ATR-FTIR, EDX, SEM, AFM,water contact angle, porosity and mean pore radius analysis. All photocatalyticmembranes indicated significant improvements compared to the bare membrane. Amongthe blended membranes and surface modified membranes, BM-2 with 0.5 wt. % andSM-2 with 0.03 wt. % of nanocomposite were selected as the optimal membranes. Theblended membrane was indicated great performance of high pure water flux (PWF)(50.84 kg/m2.h) and high flux recover ratio (FRR) (85.25%).Theresults were confirmed by lower water contact angle (47.1 ? for BM-2 versus 63.4 ? for M-0), SEM image, and roughness parameters. Thesurface modified membranes were revealed better antifouling capability(FRR=96.96%, Rr=65.04%, Rir=3.04%) despite a slightly PWF(49.65 kg/m2.h) lower than the blended membranes. This resultsoriginate from the change in the chemistry of membrane surface that isconsistent with AFM analysis (smoother surface) and water contact angle (higherhydrophilicity=42.6 ?). In order toinvestigate photocatalytic capability of the modified membranes, Methyl red (MR)dye solution (50 ppm) was filtered under visible light irradiation and alsodark condition. The UV-grafted modified SM-2 membrane indicated higherefficiency of dye removal under visible light irradiation (99.01%) versus darkcondition (90.55%). Consequently, the SM–2 membrane with high PWF, excellentantifouling properties and high photocatalytic capability was selected as thedesirable membrane. Accordingly, the reproducibility of the SM-2 was evaluatedby six continuous cycles of MR solutions. The permeation flux and dye removalduring six cycles of filtration for the SM-2 membrane represented the morestable trend in comparison with the M-0 membrane. Finally, filtrationprocess modeling and optimization using two independent numerical variables(feed COD concentration (C, mg/l) and working pressures (P, bar)) and onecategorical variable (effect of visible light irradiation) were performedthrough central composite design (CCD) and  response surface methodology (RSM) models for the biologically treatedbaker's yeast . To assess the filtration performance, four process responsesincluding flux (Kg/m2.h), FRR (%), dye removal efficiency (%), and COD removalefficiency (%) were measured and calculated. The results clearly indicatedpositive effect of light irradiation on photocatalytic membrane performance interms of evaluated responses. Furthermore, the feed COD concentration indicatednegative effect on amelioration of membrane performance. The increasing ofworking pressures had a desirable effect on permeation flux of optimalmembrane. However, the low efficiency of the dye removal and COD removal wasfound at high operating pressures. The optimal conditions to achieve the bestphotocatalytic membrane performance were predicted at feed COD concertation (C)of 649.1 mg/l and working pressure (P) of 4.44 bar under visible lightirradiation. According to results, the experimental data indicated a goodagreement with those predicted by central composite design (CCD) optimizationwith an error of less than 10 %.

During the last century, a huge amount of wastewater wasdischarged into rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Given the existing challenges,applicable technologies such as microbial fuel cell (MFC) is commonly employed totreat wastewater. However, this technology suffers from the high cost andlow proton exchange capacity related to the usage of Nafion membranes. Consideringthese shortcomings, the main aim of this study is to fabricate and modify aninnovative proton exchange membrane for improving transfer of proton,increasing power generation and coulombic efficiency. There are numerous methods for proton exchange membranemodification. One of them is doping nanoparticles. In this study, the novel Pu-HPCPnanoparticle and Pu-HPCP/SPES nanocomposite membranes with various loading ofthe referred nanoparticle (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1,1.5 wt. %) were synthesized andcharacterized. FT-IR, SEM, TGA analysis were done to characterize synthesizednanoparticle. The results showed that the Pu-HPCP nanoparticle had good thermalstability and asymmetric structure. The performance of the fabricated membraneswas investigated in the MFC as power generation and coulombic efficiency. Theexperimental results demonstrated that, the SPES membrane with 1 wt.% ofPu-HPCP nanoparticle had the maximum power generation and coulombic efficiencyof 35 mW.m-2 and 69%, respectively. The observed properties of lowbiofouling, low oxygen permeability, high power generation, high COD removaland coulombic efficiency (CE) indicated that the 1wt.% Pu-HPCP/SPES membranehas potential to improve significantly the productivity of MFCs.  

  Given that global warming hasbecome a serious problem all over the world, the preservation of renewable andsustainable energy sources is vital. To get to these purposes, the developmentof innovative technologies, such as microbial fuel cells (MFC), has gained muchattention over recent years. The new technology is useful and caused bybenefits of power generation and wastewater treatment in time. At the firstwork of this study, the novel sulfonated polyethersulfone/polyurethane(SPES/PU) composite membranes were fabricated and used in the MFC system. Thepower generation and fabrication cost were two important factors in MFCsystems. Polyurethane polymer (PU) is cost-effective and conductive polymerthat can be used in MFCs. The hybrid SPES/PU membrane was fabricated in differentconcentrations of PU polymer (10, 30, and 50 wt.%). By addition of PU polymerup to 30 wt. %, the proton conductivity of the membranes was significantly increasedwhich leads to an increase in power generation.   The obtained cross-sectional SEMimages indicated that, the created finger-like pores for the hybrid SPES/PUmembranes were wider than bare SPES membranes. AFM images represented that,membranes with smoother surface has greater antifouling properties. The wateruptake of the SPES membrane was gradually decreased after the addition of PU, dueto reduction in loaded sulfone groups in the membrane casting solution. Thewater contact angel (WCA) measurements indicated lower hydrophilicity of thehybrid SPES/PU membranes related to the bare SPES membrane. Oxygen permeabilitywas measured by DO meter. The hybrid SPES/PU membrane with 30 wt. % of PU showedlower oxygen permeability and resulted in higher coulombic efficiency. Inaddition, the obtained results indicated that, the 30 wt. % of PU with 70 wt. %SPES showed the best performance in MFC. The power generation and water uptake of the SPES70%/PU30% membranehad to improve. In the second work, the SPES/PU membrane decorated withsynthesized nanoparticle were fabricated to improve the performance of MFC. The modified membrane SPES70%/PU30%/N.P1%had the highest power generation and coulombic efficiency related to bare SPESmembrane and SPES70%/PU30% membrane. Asparagine decorated with mixed metaloxide (Fe, Mn, Cr) as nanoparticle, was added into the casting solution tomodify hybrid SPES70%/PU30% membrane. Five different composition ofnanoparticles (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1, 1.5 wt. %) were added into the castingsolution to fabricate the membranes.   Thesurface hydrophilicity of the modified membranes was improved due to the loadedfunctional groups of asparagine (-NH, -COOH, -NH2) in the nanoparticle. However, the highercontent of nanoparticle-based on asparagine (> 1%) in the casting solution, willdecrease the membrane performance due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles in thepolymer matrix. The synthesized proton exchange membranes (PEMs) werecharacterized by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, AFM, water uptake, WCA, andoxygen permeability. The performance of the prepared membranes (bare SPES andSPES70%/PU30%) were examined in a dual-chamber MFC for wastewater treatment andpower generation. The results indicated that, the 1wt. % nanoparticle showed thebest performance comparing to the other membranes.  

In recent years, water scarcity has posed significant challenges to oil refineries. The escalating water demands of developing oil refineries in pace with the progressively stringent environmental, economic, and technical regulatory and suitability constraints necessitate seeking sustainable water and wastewater management strategies that encourage minimizing fresh water consumption through treated wastewater reuse. Thus, the main scope of the present study is to investigate a general procedure using innovative post treatment technologies in order to attain an almost zero discharge water management in real life - Kermanshah's oil refinery case study. The results obtained are proofs enough that the selected post treatment scenario can effectively minimize the overall fresh water demand. the selected post treatment scenario involving hybrid membrane technology (UF + RO) could result in overall fresh water savings of approximately 70% and 50%, respectively in summer and winter times of the year, proving the benefit of water management optimization

   In the first stage of this study, high-rate simultaneous carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus (CNP) removal from soft drink wastewater (SDW) in a jet loop-air lift membrane bioreactor was modeled and optimized. For this purpose, the effect of four independent factors including hydraulic retention time (HRT) (8-16 h), anaerobic volume to total working volume ratio (VAn/VT) (0.04-0.12), air flow rate (AFR) (3.5-5.5 l/min), and influent nitrogen concentration (150-300 mg/l) on the bioprocess performance were evaluated. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies were 97%, 63%, and 81%, respectively, at optimum conditions (HRT: 14h, VAn/VT: 0.06, AFR: 5.5 l/min, influent nitrogen: 225 mg/l). As a result in this step, it can be noted that HRT and AFR had direct positive effect on biological CNP removal while VAn/VT had direct negative effect. Influent nitrogen concentration had no direct effect on COD and TP removal efficiencies but had direct negative effect on TN removal efficienciy. In the second stage, for water reuse with a high quality from SDW, jet loop-air lift bioreactor was coupled with membrane dead-end set up. For this purpose, reactor effluent at optimum condition was post treated by an optimal ultrafiltration membrane modified by boehmite-tannic acid-graphene quantum dot (BM-TA-GQD) as a hydrophilic nanoparticle. The modified mixed matrix membrane (MMM) showed an improvement in hydrophilicity (contact angle reduction from 75.45 to 59.38) and antifouling properties (reversible resistance (Rr) from 8.8 to 41.78 % and flux recovery ratio (FRR) from 44.58 to 71.35 %) in comparison to bare membrane. As a conclusion, the combination of the jet loop-air lift bioreactor and selected membrane (0.5% wt. of BM-TA-GQD) can be considered as an effective and low-cost approach for water reuse with a high quality.

  Wastewater treatment plants are among the most important urban facilities, the quality parameters of inlet effluent to the treatment plant to determine the load of inlet pollution to the facility and the selection of the appropriate treatment system and the quality parameters of the outlet effluent. Ensuring environmental constraints and investigating the potential for reuse of wastewater must be constantly monitored and evaluated. Since systematic measurement of these indices is subject to limitations, providing highly accurate software sensors and acceptable generalization power for predicting qualitative indices is crucial. As a result, in recent decades, extensive studies have been done on the modeling and prediction of the aforementioned indicators and increasing the accuracy of existing methods. On the other hand, there is no research that investigates the role and performance of hybrid models in predicting qualitative parameters of effluent, comparing the accuracy of linear, nonlinear and hybrid models, investigating the effect of different pre-processing approaches on modeling accuracy, investigating the effect of pre-order. The processing and role of outliers in the accuracy of time series models is felt. Therefore, for the first time, the present study will examine these cases.

  AbstractThe leading purpose of thisdissertation is flux increment and foulingdiminution of the PES nanofiltration membranes using diazonium chemistry. Inpart one, diazonium-induced grafting was applied to in situ surfacefunctionalization of PES membrane through covalent attachment of anilineoligomers. The process involves gradual reduction of oligomer diazonium saltswhich yields a superhydrophilic layer of branched aniline oligomers (BAO)grafted on membrane surface. Oligomeric modified membrane was indicated greatperformance of high water permeation flux (93.6 kg/m2.h), as well ashigh FRR (99%) and low Rir (0.9) after fouling with powder milk protein for 90min. BAO modified membrane exhibited exceptional super hydrophilicitywettability with a surprising water contact angle of 0 ?. Roughness parameters inthe modified membrane significantly alleviated, that was demonstrative thesmooth surface in the BAO modified membrane.In part two, we quantified the effect of radically andcoupling treatment on the performance and structure of nascent PES nanofiltration membrane with utilization of4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone as precursor starting for diazonium-inducedgrafting. Different functional groups were introducedto the surface of radically and coupling modified membranes via aryldiazoniummethodology. Both of treatments depicts improvement of membrane performance interms of permeability and antifouling capability but, Procurable results ofcoupling treatment are more successful than radically treatment. The couplingtreatment causes that, the permeation flux of coupling modified membrane 3.85times was improved compared to nascent PESnanofiltration membrane. Evaluation of the interactions of membranes surface with powdermilk protein for characterization of fouling resistance was accomplished usingof dead-end filtration system, that the coupling modified membrane indicated high efficiency in antifoulingcapability against protein (FRR=91.35%, Rr=77.56, Rir=8.64).Cross-flow filtration system was used to evaluation stability ofcoupling modified membrane for long time (16h). This test showed almost steadyflux for prolong time of 16h (9.70% flux reduction), that these results wasexhibition of fantastic antifouling performance of the coupling modifiedmembrane.   In part three, firstly couplingmodified PES (CPES) was synthesized by efficient coupling methodology using4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone as precursor starting. Then, the CPES/PES blendmembranes were produced at five various compositions via the >In part four, firstly aniline modified PES (APES) was prepared bychemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts using atmospheric oxidized dark brown aniline as precursor starting. Subsequently, in order to obtain appropriate APEScontent, the APES/PES blend membranes were fabricated at three differentcompositions by phase-inversion procedure. The membranes performanceexperiments revealed, that the incorporation of APES could be impressivelyelevated permeated pure water flux so that, the membrane with 25 Wt.% APESshowed the water permeation flux of 70.6 kg /m2.h(at operational pressure of 3 bar) that higher than nascent PESnanofiltration membrane (17.4kg /m2. h.). Incorporation of 25 wt.% APES was incurthat, the antifouling capability of modified membrane was greatly improvedcompared to original membrane.Part five describes the filtration performance of licoriceaqueous solution by coupling-PES and 25 wt.% APES/PES modified membranes that, wasverified systematically and compared to original NF PES membrane. The efficacyof operational pressure and cross-flow velocity on permeation flux andrejection were evaluated. All experiments were employed in a lab scalecross-flow filtration equipment with effective area of 40 cm2

In this research,post-synthesis modification of amino-functionalized Zr-based metal-organicframework NH2-Uio-66 (Zr) with different percentages of Zn and Tiwas performed via a cation exchange approach. The prepared samples including NH2-Uio-66(Zr-Ti 25%), NH2-Uio-66 (Zr-Ti 50%), NH2-Uio-66 (Zr-Ti75%), NH2-Uio-66 (Zr-Zn 25%), NH2-Uio-66 (Zr-Zn 50%), NH2-Uio-66(Zr-Zn 75%) and as well as in situ modified NH2-Uio-66 (Zr-Ti 50%)exhibited a red shift in the visible light region. Regarding the reduction ofbandgap, modified MOFs can be had potential photocatalytic application. The resultingsamples were characterized with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emissionscanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and EDS mapping, X-ray photoelectronspectroscopy (XPS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), UV-Vis diffuse reflectancespectrum (UV-Vis DRS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET).  

Natural based dye in the water is one of the main causes of aquatic environmental problems and it increases the scarcity of freshwater in today's society. The development of effective and sustainable technologies in the treatment of wastewater is of vital importance. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a new promising technology due to its simple design and high efficiency with a short retention time compared with traditional processes. Using this technology, metal cations are produced on the electrodes by oxidation, and these cations form different hydroxides in water depending on the solution pH. Laboratory scale experiments with a novel continuous Electrocoagulation (EC) reactor were performed using plate and rod iron (Fe) electrodes (anode and cathode) for treatment in real colorful wastewaters. In this study, two natural based dye wastewaters including algal dye and licorice wastewater were used in the proposed EC process. The influence of main factors like reaction time, current density (CD), the solution pH, NaCl concentration, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and mixing intensity on removal efficiency of the dye and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were investigated. According to the results, it has been observed that the reaction time and CD had a greater influence on the system performance. Also, in this work, two different forms of iron electrodes (plate and rod) were investigated. Based on the results, the rod iron electrodes shared to be effective in the removal of dye & COD from the used wastewaters. The electrical energy consumption, operating costs and the volume of sludge produced during the process were also measured was calculated. As a conclusion, the continuous electrocoagulation process using the Fe rod electrodes showed to be a promising and cost-effective technique to treat continuous wastewater.

  The purposes of this thesis is preparing nanofiltration membranes with high pure water flux and antifouling properties and applying them for decolorization from industrial wastewater. To obtain this target, polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes modified with three types of carbon nanofillers; graphene oxide, carbon dot and pure multi walled carbon nanotubes and also ionic/ non-ionic surfactants were used to examine the effect of them on preventing the agglomeration of nanoparticles. All of the membranes were prepared via phase inversion method.   The effects of the nanoparticle and ionic and non-ionic surfactants of cetylethremethyle ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant and Triton x-100 on the morphology and performance of the prepared membranes were perused in terms of pure water flux, antifouling properties and dye rejection. All of the modified membranes were prepared in constant percent of carbon nanofillers (0.5wt.%).   The existence of hydrophilic functional groups on the surface of carbon nanofillers were proved by FT-IR spectra. X-ray diffraction (XRD)   was applied to indicate the crystalline structure of carbon dot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine the size of nanoparticles. Also atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were prepared to study the surface of membranes and water contact angle (WCA) was measured to examine the hydrophilicity of prepared membranes. As well as scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images were prepared to study the morphology of   membranes and the effect of carbon nanofillers and surfactants on membrane’s morphology. All of the membranes were studied in term of nanofiltration performance by Direct-Red16 rejection as an azo dye and all of   modified membranes show dye rejection above the 90%. Also the optimum membrane(M4) among graphene oxide embedded membranes was selected and that was investigated in order to dye removal from algal wastewater’s Islam Abad treatment plant. This membrane showed dye removal ability near 100%. It is concluded that all of the modified membrane with carbon nanofiller and ionic surfactants displayed better performance in terms of the pure water flux, dye removal and antifouling properties.

Population growth and industrial expansion, caused water pollution problem to be considered. Urban and industrial wastewater is one of the environmental pollution factors. Therefore, it is necessary that this wastewaters have been treated and returned to the nature. One of the limitations for reuse of wastewaters is the presence of color in the sewage. Many natural and industrial colors are poisonous and carcinogenic. Membrane processes are very effective for wastewaters treatment, especially the removal of dye. In the first part of this study, UF and NF membranes with different PVP percentages were synthesized to find membranes with the highest flux and FRR. From these membranes, the UF membrane containing 1 and 2% PVP, and NF membrane containing 2% PVP were selected as the optimal membrane, these membranes were modified by using a layer-by-layer assembly with polymers poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt (negative charged) and poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (positive charged), have been modified. Due to the placement of each of the polymers in the top layers on the membrane surface, the charged of membrane is determined. To investigate the effect of electrostatic atraction and repulsion and its effect on the removal of dye, two dyes of Direct red 16 and Melthylen blue have been used. These colors pass through membranes with the same and opposite charged surfaces, and the dye removal rejection has been checked. Due to the flux values, FRR and dye rejection of modified membranes, the UF membrane with 1% PVP was selected as the final optimal membrane. This membrane was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and permeate test by cross-flow system.

Production of polyhydroxalkanoate (PHA)using activated sludge and renewable resource is suggested to reduce costs ofPHA production. The direct use of activated sludge brings limitation becauseonly a fraction of the biomass can store PHA. In the present thesis, theperformance of different culture selection strategies for selectedPHA-producing microorganisms in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR) usingacetate and soft drink industrial wastewater as carbon source was investigated.In the sequence, efforts were made to make these more favorable to maximize PHAproduction. The maximum PHA content was 79and 25 % (mg PHA/mg TSS) for acetate and soft drink industrial wastewater usinguncoupled carbon and nitrogen feeding strategy, respectively.Biological treatment is a suitablemethod for treating Faraman industrial wastewater (FIW) (BOD5/CODratio of 0.59). Due to the characteristics of this wastewater, treatment of Faraman industrial wastewater requires theimplementation of different redox zone as anaerobic, aerobic, and anoxic fornutrients removal. It is expected that applying of this conditions, besideswastewater treatment, will establish a favorable selective pressure for theselection of PHA-producing microorganisms. For this purpose, the effet of twovariables independent (hydraulic retention time of 12-24 h and air flow rate of1-3 L/min) on the performance of a novel continuous feed and intermittentdischarge airlift bioreactor (CFIDAB) for Faramanindustrial wastewater treatment (CNP removal) and PHA production wasinvestigated. According to obtained data, applying of three zones in the CFIDABwas successfully method for nutrients removal and selection of mixed microbialculture (MMC) with high capacity of PHA production. The maximum removal efficiencyfor TCOD, TN TP in the optimum condition (HRT of 18.5 h and AFR of 2.5 L/min)was obtaianed 92, 71, and 69%, respectively. At this condition, the maximum PHAcontent were 34.5, 5, 11.5% (mg PHA/mg TSS) using acetate,soft drink industrial wastewater, and Faraman industrial wastewater,respectively.Furthermore, the influence of F/M ratio (0.5-5.5 mg COD-S/mgVSS.d) and DO concentration (0.5-3.5 mg/L) on the accumulation performance ofthe MMCs taken from the CFIDAB as surplus sludge under optimum condition usingdifferent carbon sources was examined. From the results, F/M ratio and DOconcentration are two effective parameters in PHA accumulation which can beoptimized for efficient production of PHA. The maximum PHA content was obtained24, 6.5, and 7% (mg PHA/mg TSS)using acetate, soft drink industrial wastewater, and Faraman industrialwastewater in the optimum condition (F/M ratio of 3.5 mg COD-S/mg VSS.d and DO concentration of 2 mg/L), respectively.  

In this study we tried to synthesize a membrane with high capability in removing heavy metals. In this paper the method of synthesis of polymeric membranes based on polyethersulfone (PES) and modified by addition of schiff base alumoxane as a nano particale was presented and its potential application for removing copper ions from liquid phase were examined. The influences of schiff base alumoxane nanoparticles as innovative nanofiller on fabrication of polyethersulfone (PES) blended membranes were investigated in terms of hydrophilicity, permeation performance, membrane morphology and antifouling property. Alumoxane is containing extra hydroxyl groups on its surface. The hydrophilicity and pure water flux of the membranes were improved by incorporating of schiff base alumoxane nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images showed that the schiff base alumoxane embedded membranes possessed a typical asymmetric structure similar with the bare PES membrane. It means that, embedding of ions-Schiff base alumoxane did not change the finger-like structure of the membranes. After all the effect of   polyethersulfone (PES) blended membranes and modified membranes by addition of   schiff base alumoxane for removing heavy ion metals were tested and results shows that the membranes by addition of schiff base alumoxane is more efficient than the polyethersulfone (PES) blended membranes.

  Although many medicines and therapies are provided for neurological problems, the serious side-effects of these drugs on other parts of the body are due to its complications, so making a medicine   that does not damage the health of other tissues and organs reach their goal by using nanotechnology to enter this field. In the meantime, the pharmaceutical industry has not gone away, and inventions of technology in pharmaceutical products have led to the introduction of new and novel products into the market. Today, there are many nanoparticle-based systems for transmitting and targeting drugs that are either well-developed or developing. The purpose of using nanoparticles (carriers of nanoparticles) is to reduce the degradation of drugs, prevent their side effects, increase access to drugs, and accumulate at the site of the lesion. Controlled medicine release is a process in which a calculated carrier is combined with a medicine to act as an active agent in the body in a predetermined manner and desirable to release it, thus optimizing its medicine release is of particular importance. In this study, the subject of photoelectron transfer between fullerene C60 and Phenothiazine medicines in psychopathic therapy is proposed using Marcos theory and quantum mechanical calculations. The C60 molecules are physically very powerful. Due to the lack of resistance of the body against carbon and the smallness of fullerenes, which allows them to pass through all parts of the body and excrete them, they have found a lot of medical expenses. Nanotechnology is not only an excellent tool for producing materials that are similar to biological systems, but also can deliver and deliver efficient systems.. You have it. In this study, using the methods of density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent density functional theory (TDDFT), the physical and chemical properties of the nano-compelex consisting of Thioridazine with fullerene C60 were studied. To carry out a comprehensive study, several descriptors were used in the base state, in which some electrochemical properties are based on the HOMO and LUMO orbital energy, hardness, softness, chemical potential, and mulliken load. After formation of complex (Thioridazine+C60) the dipole moment increased by 2.61, which indicates its solubility in polar solvents. Using the Marcos theory of electron transfer velocity, the free energy of activation Electron transfer and free energy The electron transfer for all PETs was calculated between these two species.

Implementation of different redox zones is an effective method to improve single bioreactors for the simultaneous nutrient removal process. Jet loop-airlift bioreactors have been noticed as an innovative system that could provide environments with different oxidation-reduction potentials. In the present thesis, the performance of a novel jet loop-airlift bioreactor for simultaneous removal of nutrients from soft drink wastewater (SDW) was investigated. Two different zones, anoxic and aerobic zones, were successfully provided in the bioreactor under continuous aeration. It was concluded that the SDW with relatively high BOD5/COD triggered a better COD and nitrogen removal efficiencies. Also, kinetic analysis of the soft drink wastewater treatment process in the jet loop-airlift bioreactor using the experimental results obtained was performed. Hygienic water was produced from SDW through a combination of a novel jet loop-airlift bioreactor and membrane set up (cross flow and dead-end set-up). Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration membranes were modified by mix matrix membrane (MMM) method in this work. Overall, it was observed that the MMM method could enhance the performance of the membranes significantly in terms of antifouling property and flux recovery ration. As a conclusion, the combination of the jet loop airlift bioreactor with internal sedimentation process and the high antifouling membranes set up, considered as an integrated membrane bioreactor, showed to be a promising technique to produce continuous and cost effective hygienic water from wastewater.

    In order to improve the disintegration performance and accelerate the disintegration rate of excess sludge, the effect of combined magnetic field and CO2 microbubble technology on the disintegration of municipal waste sewage sludge was investigated. Four numerical variables (magnetic field, CO2 injection, retention time and initial pH) were selected to analyze and optimize the process. The region of exploration for the process was taken as the area enclosed by magnetic field (0-40 mT), CO2 flow rate (0-1 lit/min), retention time (20-180 min) and initial pH (3-11) boundaries. The results were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). In order to analyze the process, three dependent parameters as the process responses were studied. The results showed that the disintegration performance of excess sludge was effectively improved in the presence of magnetic field and CO2 microbubble. The sCOD, soluble TKN and PO4-3 concentrations in sludge supernatant increased obviously with increasing CO2 flow rate from 0 to 1 L/min and magnetic field from 0 to 40 mT. This study showed that the initial pH was a key factor affecting the process performance, cell lysis and disintegration. The result showed that acid and base range of pH caused an increase in the excess sludge degradation. It was also observed that the sludge settleability was significantly improved and oxygen uptake rate decreased by 30%. In conclusion, the combined magnetic field and CO2 microbubble pretreatment is an effective method to disintegrate excess sludge.

Here, we report a facile and greener synthetic approach Carbon dots by hydrothermal treatment grape and persimmon juice, a bio-resource, in a glass bottle. C-dots can also act as excellent electron acceptors and electron donors, and have promising potential to be oxidized or act as reduce agents. In this paper we will determine the levels of iron present in the tap water,mirage water and river water based on the formation of a coloured complex between iron(II)and 1,10-phenanthroline. Since the iron present in the water predominantly exists as Fe3+, it is necessary to first reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+.This is accomplished by the addition carbon dot.Phenolic compounds are related to healthy dietary habits since they are commonly found in fruits and vegetables.in this work we can determination total phenolic contents of carbon dot by the Prussian blue method and thus determination of carbon dot reducibility. This Results are typically expressed as mg gallic acid/ g sample  

In this thesis, we demonstrate the use of a simple, economical and green approach for direct preparation of CDs with Orange and Onions as a natural carbon source without any further functionalization or modification of the CDs. We will determined the levels of iron present in the sample of real water whit using of a coloured complex between iron and 1,10 Phenanthroline in the presence of carbondots . Phenolic acids as common food ingredients mainly exist in grains such as sorghum, wheat, rice, corn, and fruit such as grape and apples. One of analytical option to assess the phenolic content uses the Prussian Blue assay (PB), also known as Berlin Blue or the ferricyanide method, in which Fe3+ is educed to Fe2+ by the development of the iron (III) hexacyanoferrate (II) chelate, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, in acidic medium to keep the iron complex solubilized (color stability in the test tube). In this assay, the reducing substances are oxidized by the hexacyanoferrate (III) ion and form hexacyanoferrate (II) ion, [Fe(CN)6]4. Then, [Fe(CN)6]4 reacts with Fe3+ (ferric ion) to yield the ferric ferrocyanide, the so-called Prussian Blue complex. Also, we used synthesized carbondots as reducing agents.  

AbstractThe aim of this study is to obtain high decolorized water from licorice root extraction wastewater (LERW) which can be reused in the plant processes or discharged into the environment safely. At the first stage of this thesis, unfilled polyethersulfone (PES) membranes at 3 various thicknesses and 4 different polymer concentrations were prepared with phase inversion method induced by immersion precipitation technique to find an optimal membrane in order to obtain high color removal from LREW. At the second stage, in order to prepare a high antifouling membrane, PES-MWCNT/chitosan membranes were prepared by the same method (phase inversion) at the optimal polymer concentration and thickness (22 % and 150 µm, respectively). Membranes with 4 various ratios of nanoparticles (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 %) were synthesized. The modified membranes were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and permeation test. A self-made dead-end filtration system was employed to test the permeation performance. Then, the performance of modified blend membranes in terms of COD and color removal was discussed and also membranes antifouling behavior was investigated for 3 different wastewaters during a long period of time.

AbstractLicorice (Liquorice) extraction plant wastewater (LEWW) is essentially characterized by the presence of xenobiotic and nonbiodegradable organic pollutants, and the industry is faced with the challenge of effectively removing these compounds before disposal. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are one of the treatment technologies currently being developed to deal with this problem. In this study, the use of photocatalysis and Fentons oxidation in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color from the   LEWW was investigated.In part one (photocatalytic oxidation process),an immobilized TiO2 photo catalytic reactor was developed to treat the LEWW. The analysis of the process was performed by varying three significant independent variables including, three numerical factors (COD concentration, photocatalyst loading and reaction time). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The region of exploration for the process was taken as the area enclosed by COD concentration (300-700 mg/l), photocatalyst loading (0.5-1 g/l) and reaction time (0.5-6.5 h) boundaries. The COD removal efficiency was about 69%, and also SRR was about 350(mgCODremoval/Catalyst,h) at COD concentration of 700 mg/l, concentration of photocatalyst   1 g/l, after 6.5h . Maximum BOD5/COD ratio was found to be about 0.30 in CODin and photocatalyst loading of 700 mg/l and 1 g/l, respectively.Color removal efficieny at the optimum condition was 88.7% after 6h. The effect of oxidants concentration (Hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxodisulfate and potassium bromate ) on The process performance was conducted at pH of 6.4 (free pH), CODin concentration 700 mg/l, and a TiO2 dosage of 1 g/l. The oxidant addition enhanced the degradation efficiency compared to That without oxidant. The addition of oxidants over the amounts of H2O2 340 mg/l, K2S2O8 4.5 g/l and KBrO3 6.5 g/l, inhibited the system performance. The optimal dosages of oxidants were found to be 340 mg/l, 4.5 g/l, and 6.5 g/l, respectively for (Hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxodisulfate and potassium bromate). In the fenton process, The effects of H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3) and reaction time (1-6 h) on the process performance removing color & COD were investigated . Within the range of the experimental conditions used in this study, the LEWW was found to be easily decolourised by Fenton process but mineralization of COD content, required higher reagents dosage and longer reaction time. From the results 72 % of COD could be removed at pH 3, 0.09 M H2O2, 0.036 M FeSO4 and 6 h reaction time.   

In this thesis palladium porphyrin nanocatalyst was synthesized on the graphene oxide 3-(cholopropyl)- trimethoxysilane. This nanocatalyst has features like: producing reaction at temperatures less than 100°C, asymmetric production, easy operation, conversion and high interest rates, catalyst comfortable recovery, high speed reaction and high selectivity. This nanocatalyst specially was used in Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions and C-O cross-couplings of phenols with aryl iodides. In this thesis we used porphyrin palladium complex immobilized on graphene oxide in the cross-coupling reactions such as:Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck and C-O cross-couplings.       In this thesis palladium porphyrin nanocatalyst was synthesized on the graphene oxide 3-(cholopropyl)- trimethoxysilane. This nanocatalyst has features like: producing reaction at temperatures less than 100°C, asymmetric production, easy operation, conversion and high interest rates, catalyst comfortable recovery, high speed reaction and high selectivity. This nanocatalyst specially was used in Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions and C-O cross-couplings of phenols with aryl iodides. In this thesis we used porphyrin palladium complex immobilized on graphene oxide in the cross-coupling reactions such as:Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck and C-O cross-couplings.     In this thesis palladium porphyrin nanocatalyst was synthesized on the graphene oxide 3-(cholopropyl)- trimethoxysilane. This nanocatalyst has features like: producing reaction at temperatures less than 100°C, asymmetric production, easy operation, conversion and high interest rates, catalyst comfortable recovery, high speed reaction and high selectivity. This nanocatalyst specially was used in Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions and C-O cross-couplings of phenols with aryl iodides. In this thesis we used porphyrin palladium complex immobilized on graphene oxide in the cross-coupling reactions such as:Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck and C-O cross-couplings.