Behnam Sedighi

   In this study, the synthesis of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP) chelate was investigated. Due to its unique properties, including the ability to form stable complexes with metal ions, this compound finds applications in various industries, particularly in agriculture.   The research evaluates the synthesis method of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid and examines the effects of reaction factors such as reaction time and precursor concentration on synthesis efficiency. Additionally, the structural and chemical characteristics of the final product have been analysed using spectroscopic technique FT-IR and UV-VIS.  

   The synthesis, characterization and evaluation of iron(II) gluconate complex as a biodegradable chelating agent were systematically investigated for potential agricultural applications. Iron(II) gluconate was synthesized via the controlled reaction of ferrous sulfate with sodium gluconate under optimal pH and temperature conditions to ensure high purity and stability of the resulting complex. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses confirmed the coordination of the gluconate ligand to the iron ions through the oxygen donor atoms of the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. In addition, spectrophotometric analysis was used to detect the complex formation and confirmed the interaction between iron ions and gluconate ligands. Atomic absorption spectroscopy provided quantitative confirmation of the iron incorporation in the complex matrix. Experimental results showed that iron(II) gluconate exhibits a stable coordination structure with remarkable solubility and chelation efficiency, comparable to synthetic agents such as EDTA, but with the significant advantage of biodegradability and environmental safety. Consequently, the synthesized iron(II) gluconate complex can be considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional synthetic chelates and provide an effective tool for enhancing iron uptake in plants and promoting sustainable agricultural practices in line with environmental protection.

  In this study, the effect of different pretreatment methods on solubilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) and subsequent methane production was systematically investigated. Three pretreatment strategies, including homogenization, ultrasonication, and enzymatic hydrolysis, were applied and optimized in separate steps. In the first stage, homogenization pretreatment for 1 hour at 3000 rpm generated strong shear forces, cavitation, and turbulence, leading to significant sludge hydrolysis. This resulted in an sCOD concentration of 2210 mg/L, VSS removal of 63.33%, NH? concentration of 6.13 mg/L, and PO?³? concentration of 9.56 mg/L. Higher homogenization speed enhanced sludge disruption and solubilization. In the second stage, the effect of ultrasonication parameters, including sonication time, amplitude, and pulse mode, was evaluated. At the optimal condition (100% amplitude, pulse mode 1, and 60 minutes), VSS reduction reached 61.41% and sCOD concentration increased to 5010 mg/L, highlighting the direct influence of these parameters on sludge disintegration. In the third stage, enzymatic pretreatment was performed using amylase, protease, and lipase. A total of 90 experiments were designed by RSM to assess the effects of retention time, temperature, initial pH, enzyme dosage, and enzyme type. Optimum conditions were identified as retention time of 6 h, temperature of 55°C, pH 9.5, and enzyme dosage of 5%. Finally, anaerobic digestion (AD) was conducted under these optimal pretreatment conditions. After 344 h of AD, measurements of VSS, sCOD, TCOD, pH, and gas pressure indicated enhanced methane production and reduced retention time compared to untreated sludge. Among all methods, enzymatic hydrolysis using amylase demonstrated superior efficiency in gas production over ultrasonication and homogenization.

   this study, the preparation of heterogeneous Ca-CeO nanocatalyst by microemulsion method and its use as a catalyst in the transesterification reaction for biodiesel production from sunflower oil are investigated. Different variables, including Ca to Ce molar ratios, calcination conditions, reaction temperature and time, alcohol to oil molar ratio, and catalyst to oil weight percentage, affect the transesterification reaction and the performance of Ca-CeO nanocatalyst. One of the goals of this project is to optimize these variables in order to achieve maximum biodiesel yield. According to the results of optimizing the operating conditions for biodiesel production in the presence of Ca-CeO nanocatalyst during the esterification process with sunflower oil, at a calcination temperature of 800 and a calcination time of 5 hours, a molar ratio of (2:1) Ca to Ce, a reaction temperature of 65, a reaction time of 3 hours, a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 15:1 and a weight percentage of catalyst to oil of 5%, a yield of 95.99% has been reported. The prepared Ca-CeO nanocatalyst has also been investigated by instrumental methods such as SEM, EDAX, XRD, BET and FT_IR.

   A ternary nickel(II) complex, [Ni(GFS)(Phen)(H2O)]Cl, was synthesized using guaifenesin (GFS) as a tridentate ligand and 1,10-phenanthroline (Phen) as a co-ligand. The product was obtained in good yield and characterized by elemental analysis, UV–vis, FT-IR, and molar conductivity, which confirmed its formulation and coordination pattern. The binding properties of the complex toward calf-thymus DNA (ct-DNA) were explored through multi-spectroscopic techniques including UV–vis absorption, competitive fluorescence displacement, circular dichroism (CD), and viscosity measurements, supported by molecular docking. The results indicated a spontaneous interaction with binding constants on the order of 103 M-1, involving both intercalative and minor-groove binding modes (partial intercalation). Docking simulations revealed stabilizing hydrogen bonds and electrostatic contacts with B-DNA, accompanied by spectral and viscosity changes consistent with perturbation of the DNA helix. Cytotoxic effects were assessed in vitro against AGS gastric and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. The Ni(II) complex reduced cell viability in a dose and time-dependent manner, with the highest inhibition observed at 640 µg mL-1 after 72 h. Antioxidant potential was confirmed by DPPH radical-scavenging assays, where the complex displayed stronger activity than guaifenesin alone. The interaction of the complex with human serum albumin (HSA) was also examined via UV–vis, fluorescence quenching, site-marker displacement, CD spectroscopy, and docking studies. The data showed effective binding accompanied by minor conformational changes of HSA. Overall, the synthesized [Ni(GFS)(Phen)(H2O)]Cl complex demonstrated significant DNA-binding affinity, antioxidant activity, and anticancer potential, alongside measurable protein-binding interactions, highlighting its promise for further biomedical investigation.

  This study explores

  Abstract: This study investigates the enhancement ofpiezoelectric performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers with reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/polyoxometalate (POM) nanofillers. Synthesis of nanofibers by electrospinning technique led to alignment of molecular dipoles in nanofibers and supported polarization and stretching. Designed nanofibers was fully characterized and piezoelectric properties were measured and confirmed by a piezo tester device. The open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the fabricated PENG was measured and results showed that PENG fabricated by PVDF-RGO-[(tert-Bu)4N]4PCoW11O39 (P-R-CoW) nanofiber, with a 1 wt % of CoW and 0.2 wt% of RGO with an VOC of 6.75 ± 0.1 V revealed the best electrical performance. Using an electric circuit, capacitors of 1, 2.2, 4.7 and 10 ?F were charged to 5.13, 1.77, 1.12 and 0.73 V respectively in 80 s. The maximum power density of 0.012 Wcm?2 was obtained in the resistor 103. The PENG was stable in long-term cycles without significant decreasing in VOC. The output power of PENG turn on four commercial LEDs with 1.8 V and also a 5 V buzzer sounds. Piezoelectric energy generation from target PENG, could monitor simple human movements. For wrist and elbow at angles of 30, 60, 90?, and VOC

Due to pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels, the use of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) for the construction of self-powered sensors to supply energy for nanoelectronics and wearabledevices through harvesting mechanical energy from the environment, has becomesignificant. In this work, we propose a method for designing a flexible PENG using electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers. These nanofibers are infused with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and heteropoly acids (HPAs) containing molybdenum and vanadium in different ratios (H3PMo12?nVnO40,where n = 0, 2, 3, 4). The incorporation of RGO into the composite material aims to form conductive networks and enhance its electrical conductivity, while the specific of HPAs, which includes redox activation centers and high charge transfer capabilities, contribute to increased electronic polarization, and charge storage. The nanofiber composites were characterized using SEM-EDX, ATR-FTIR, DSC, EIS and, XRD to study their morphology, structure, and thermal properties.The measurement of the piezoelectric property was confirmed using a piezotester device. The results showed that reducing the vanadium content in HPA and increasing the molybdenum content led to an improvement in the piezoelectric properties. Furthermore, the PENG containing PVDF-RGO-H3PMo12O40 with 1.5 wt% of H3PMo12O40 demonstrated better electrical performance, with an output voltage of 7.80 V and a maximum power density of 20.80 ?Wcm-² at 105 W, with a resistance change from 102 to 107 W. This device also showed promising potential for monitoring body movements and distinguishing between different fingers.

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  In this thesis, a method for the synthesis of novel compositepearlescent pigments using MWO4

   In this study, a copper(II) complex with lidocaine ([Cu(LC)2(H2O)2](NO3)2) was synthesized and characterized using UV-Vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and FT-IR. The complex's potential as an improved drug was explored through its effects on MCF-7 breast cancer cells, where it demonstrated significant cytotoxicity, particularly after 72 hours, with an IC50 value of 145.15 ?g/ml. The interaction between the copper(II) complex and calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) was investigated using multi-spectroscopic methods and molecular docking in a physiological buffer. The complex binds to ct-DNA via groove binding, with the formation being driven by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces, as confirmed by both experimental and docking studies. Additionally, the binding of the complex to human serum albumin (HSA) was examined using absorption, fluorescence emission, and molecular docking techniques. The results indicated strong binding through a static quenching mechanism, with hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions playing a key role. The binding site was identified as Sudlow's site 2 within domain III of HSA. These findings highlight the potential of the Cu(II)-lidocaine complex in drug development, particularly for cancer therapy, and provide insights into its interaction with biomolecules such as DNA and HSA. Keyword: Copper(II) complex; Lidocaine; Cytotoxicity; Calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA); Human serum albumin (HSA); Spectroscopic analysis

A new Cu(II) complex; [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O in which phenytoin was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and mass techniques. The interactions of the [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O complex with calf- thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated using different spectroscopic methods. The fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy indicated that the complex interacted with ct-DNA via partial (intercalate and groove) binding mode. The binding constant was 3.88×104 mol-1. The fluorimetric studies showed that the reaction between the complex and ct-DNA is hydrogen bonds (?H < 0, ?S < 0). In addition, the interaction of [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O complex with HSA was studied. The experimental results of fluorescence showed that the quenching of the emission of HSA by the complex is a result of the static quenching mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrophobic forces played major roles in the binding process of [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O complex to HSA. The absorption spectra of HSA showed that the increasing of Cu(II) complex led to the formation of the new complex between HSA and Cu(II) complex and change in protein conformation. A new Cu(II) complex; [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O in which phenytoin was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and mass techniques. The interactions of the [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O complex with calf- thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated using different spectroscopic methods. The fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy indicated that the complex interacted with ct-DNA via partial (intercalate and groove) binding mode. The binding constant was 3.88×104 mol-1. The fluorimetric studies showed that the reaction between the complex and ct-DNA is hydrogen bonds (?H < 0, ?S < 0). In addition, the interaction of [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O complex with HSA was studied. The experimental results of fluorescence showed that the quenching of the emission of HSA by the complex is a result of the static quenching mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrophobic forces played major roles in the binding process of [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O complex to HSA. The absorption spectra of HSA showed that the increasing of Cu(II) complex led to the formation of the new complex between HSA and Cu(II) complex and change in protein conformation.    A new Cu(II) complex; [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O in which phenytoin was synthesized and characterized by FT-IR and mass techniques. The interactions of the [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O complex with calf- thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and human serum albumin (HSA) were investigated using different spectroscopic methods. The fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy indicated that the complex interacted with ct-DNA via partial (intercalate and groove) binding mode. The binding constant was 3.88×104 mol-1. The fluorimetric studies showed that the reaction between the complex and ct-DNA is hydrogen bonds (?H < 0, ?S < 0). In addition, the interaction of [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H2O complex with HSA was studied. The experimental results of fluorescence showed that the quenching of the emission of HSA by the complex is a result of the static quenching mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that hydrophobic forces played major roles in the binding process of [Cu2(PHT)2(ETA)2].3H

has been investigated. Chapter 1, represents the nature, disadvantages and necessity of removing organic dyes from wastewater and different purification method specially adsorption. Chapter 2, reports the preparation of pristine and Fe doped ZIF-8 and their application in removal of organic dyes (brilliant green and malachite green) from aqueous solution. Herein, to improve the removal performance of the ZIF-8, a series of Fe-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Fe-ZIF-8) adsorbents were fabricated by doping Fe ion into the ZIF-8 and mass ratios of the ZIF-8/Fe materials were optimized. Characterizations of materials were carried out by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The dyes removal performance was evaluated based on various experimental parameters including adsorbent dosage, pH, ionic strength, initial dye concentration and contact time. The results showed that pH and salinity had a small effect on the adsorption process of adsorbents, thus providing a possibility for practical application in water purification. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first- and pseudo-second order, Elovich, external and intraparticle diffusion models. It was elucidated that the limiting stages of BG and MG adsorption were controlled by chemical (as confirmed by the regression correlation coefficient of pseudo-second order) and mixed interaction (intraparticle and external) diffusion. The isotherm data were adjusted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The adsorption of dyes onto the ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-8 was consistent with the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption and the maximum adsorption capacity of the ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-8 was found to be 1209.88 mgBG/g, 2941.48 mgMG/g, 2744.40 mgBG/g, and 2737.62 mgMG/g, respectively. In this regard, the Fe doping extremely enhanced the adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 toward BG and synergistically promoted the BG removal kinetic. The large adsorption capacity of triphenylmethane dyes on ZIF-8 might be attributed to ??? stacking interaction. The outstanding adsorption capacity of BG could be ascribed to the high surface area and large pore volume of Fe-ZIF-8 as well as the synergetic effects including surface complexation and ?-? interactions.   

   In this work, nanocomposite hydrogels containing CsMe, PVA, ZnO-   were prepared as wound dressing.The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of ZnO-   in the wound healing process and compare it with ZnO ontinment in the wound healing process. In vivo studies demonstrated that the group treated with hydrogel containing ZnO-   (0.5%) caused faster wound healing compare to the other group. In the group treated with ZnO ointment, The results showed that wound healing using ZnO in the form of nanoparticles is better than using ZnO ointment

  Measuring water hardness using nanocellulose substrate is the goal of our work

  Due to the limitations and side effects of organic drugs, the synthesis of metal complexes, that is, drugs based on metal and organic ligands, has been given much attention and many successes have been achieved in this field.   In this study, an iron(III) metal complex of azithromycin in molar ratio (2:1) was synthesized and identified by using FT-IR and elemental analysis. The interaction between the metal complex of azithromycin with CT-DNA in (pH :7.4) and at (pH :6.2) was investigated. A according to the UV-vis spectra and comparison of the binding constants it was concluded that the complex can be interacted stronger in cancer cells media and low toxicity was observed in healthy cells. According to the results of Circular Dichroism (CD) groove binding mode was suggested. Human serum albumin (HSA) is one of the most important plasma proteins that plays an essential role in tra  orting drugs to their target sites. The interaction of the metal complex and the drug with HSA was investigated by spectrofluorimety at four different temperatures. The results showed that the quenching constant increased with increasing temperature, but the value of Kq is greater than the maximum calculated value (2× Lmol-1s-1), which according to the UV spectra a static shutdown quenching mechanism was suggested. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated and according to the parameters obtained from the Van Hoff equation, ?H° and ?S° are positive which indicates that, that the interaction of iron(III) complex with HSA is the hydrophobic. According to the results of CD the interaction between the metal complex of iron(III) of azithromycin and HSA occurs and the percentage of alpha helix increases. It should be noted that during the interaction of HSA with iron(III) metal complex of azithromycin, the secondary structure of HSA is stabilized.  

In this study, a complex of nickel(II) containingazithromycin drug was synthesized and identified by FT-IR andelemental analysis. The interaction of the complex with biomacromolecules wasinvestigated by UV-vis, fluorescenceand CD spectroscopic methods. The results of UV-visspectroscopy of the interaction of this complex with DNA showed decrease in absorption intensity at 260 nm withoutsignificant red shift or blue shift and confirmed the interaction of thiscomplex with DNA. Also, according to the calculated binding constant, thepossibility of main groove connection is high. In addition to confirming theinteraction, the circular dichroism study was done and showed groove binding.The interactions between Ni(II) complex and itsligand with HSA also was studied. The results of UV-vis spectroscopy clearlyshowed that the intensity of band at 280 nm decrease by addition the complex toHAS.   Fluorescence spectroscopic data ofHSA with nickel(II) complex containing azithromycin and calculations showed theprobability of new complex formation and static quenching mechanism wassuggested. The thermodynamic data obtained showed that there is morepossibility of hydrophobic forces between HSA and this complex.   The Competitive site marker fluorescenceexperiments with ibuprofen and warfarin showed that the nickel(II) complex ismore likely bind to site (II) instead of ibuprofen.   The change of HSA structure due tointeraction with nickel(II) complex was investigated by CD spectroscopy, and itwas found that the ?- helixpercentage of this structure increases due to this interaction.   All experimental results were evaluated andconfirmed by molecular docking technique.  

  AbstractCurrently,fossil fuel are the main source of energy supply in the world. But due to theincreasing need for energy and the limitation of fossil resources and the environmental pollution, caused by burning them,the desire to use clean energy, such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydrogen andbiomass energy instead of fossil fuels, has increased. Biomass is the fourthlargest source of energy in the world and supplies about 14% of the world'senergy, and the production of energy from these renewable materials reduces theemission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is alsobio- electrochemical system (BES) which, in addition to generating electricity,also treats wastewater. Of course, electricity generation is the most importantapplication of MFC. But, the production rate of this energy in MFC is low.Various methods are used to solve this problem. Such as the use of differentnanoparticles to increase the amount of electricity produced, higher protonconductivity and coulombic efficiency and reduce manufacturing costs comparedto commercial Nafion membrane. Therefore, the main objective of this study isto fabricate and modify an innovative cost-effective proton exchange membraneto improve proton transfer, increase  power generation and coulombic efficiency. Therefore, in this study, EP-PWA/SPESnanocomposite membranes were synthesized and characterized by loading differentpercentages (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5 wt.%) of new EP-PWA nanoparticles. EDAX,MAP, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and CA analysis were performed to investigate theperformance of nanoparticles o  synthesized membranes with different percentages. The results showedthat EP-PWA nanoparticle has a very good perfprmance. The performance of themembranes made in MFC was evaluated in terms of power density, COD removal,water absorption and coulombic efficiency. The Experimental results showed thatSPES membrane with 0.5 wt.% of   EP-PWA nanoparticlewas selected as the optimal membrane and showed the maximum power density, CODremoval, water absorption and coulombic efficiency of 107.69 mW.m2,90.79%, 79.85%, 65.18% respectively. The observed properties indicated higherpower density, water absorption and coulombic efficiency and lower oxygenpermeability in the synthesized membranes compared to the commercial Nafion 117membrane. The obtained results showed that the optimal membrane M3(EP-PWA/SPES 0.5 wt.%) due to the increase in the efficiency of the system andthe significant reduction in construction costs, has the potential tosignificantly   improve the productivity of microbial fuelcell (MFC).     

     This study is focused on generating single-phase maghemite (?-Fe2O3) using an environmentally conscious approach involving Echinophora platyloba DC. (E. platyloba) extract, followed by a silica coating. Subsequently, the ?-Fe2O3@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles (?-Fe2O3@SiO2 M  ) are functionalized with the antiviral medication "penciclovir (PNV)." The primary aim is to create a versatile therapeutic agent capable of showcasing potential in both anticancer and antiviral applications. Confirmation of the creation of ?-Fe2O3@SiO2 M   incorporating the penciclovir drug (referred to as ?-Fe2O3@SiO2-PNV M  ) was substantiated through a comprehensive array of analytical techniques, encompassing FT-IR, VSM, XRD, zeta potential measurements, TEM, SEM-EDX, DLS, and ultraviolet-visible analysis. The assessment of cytotoxicity revealed that ?-Fe2O3@SiO2-PNV M   exhibited lower toxicity towards normal cells (Fibroblast) in comparison to cancerous cells (MCF-7). The incorporation of PNV onto ?-Fe2O3@SiO2 M   resulted in a significant augmentation of PNV's anticancer and biological effects. To assess the therapeutic potential of ?-Fe2O3@SiO2-PNV M  , their interactions with nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) were investigated through absorption and fluorescence studies. Analysis of fluorescence spectra and UV-visible absorption data demonstrated a robust interaction between ?-Fe2O3@SiO2-PNV M   and nucleic acids. These findings underscore the considerable binding affinity of ?-Fe2O3@SiO2-PNV M   towards these biological targets, indicating their promising candidacy as a targeted and specific chemotherapeutic agent.

Diethanol ammonium formate as a base Bronsted chemoselctive ionic liquid was synthesized as follows. Dropwise addition of formic acid was done in ice cold diethanol amine. Ice bath was removed once the addition was completed after 45 min and the ionic liquid was obtained after 24 h with excellent yields. Diethanol ammonium formate as a chemoselective Bronsted basic ionic liquid catalyst reported for the Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile to synthesis of arylidene malononitrile derivatives. This ionic liquid has advantages such as high stability, low cost raw materials, air insensitivity and mild reaction conditions. A variety of 2-substituted perimidine derivatives obtained from the reaction of naphthalene 1,8-diamine with aryl aldehydes in the presence of dimethyl ammonium formate at room temperature. High to excellent yield of products, short reaction times and low cost are some of the significant advantages of this method.

In this study, different mixed metal oxides, ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4,with different values of x and y were synthesized by co-precipitation methodfrom chloride salts of iron, zinc, and magnesium. The synthesized samples werecharacterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible diffusereflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). Coating of ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4-alkyd-basedformulations on mild steel substrates were used for corrosion analysis in 3.5w.t.% of NaCl solution. The surface response method study model(RSM) were used to optimize the coating effect on the corrosion rate. Also, theCCD design model, central composite design, was used and each factor wasexamined at 5 levels. The results showed that ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4mixed metal oxides will be considered as anticorrosionadditives in protecting metal substrates. Key words: Corrosion, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, design of experiments,mixed metal oxides.  

In this thesis, the possibility of using three differentMagnetic nanocomposites to preparation adsorbents for removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from water hasbeen investigated. In the first work,magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4/rGO/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2) including of graphene oxide (GO), layered double hydroxide (LDH),magnetite (Fe3O4), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) were prepared viaa hydrothermal process and effectively applied for the removal of metal Hg2+ions from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterizedby Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman,scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET. Results showedthat the MoS2 layers had been successfully grown on the surface of LDH and rGO layers. All measurements were performed by electrothermal atomicabsorption spectroscopy (EAAS). Differentfactors (the pH, adsorbent dosage,initial concentration) affecting the removal process were studied. The adsorptionkinetic curves for Hg2+ ions fitted well with the pseudo-secondorder model. The adsorption isotherms were well described using Langmuirisotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm)for Fe3O4/rGO/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2 were calculated to be 544, and 289 (mg.g-1) respectively.In the second work, magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH) were prepared by ahydrothermal method and characterized using different tools such as SEM, XRD, FTIR and BET. Then, they were appliedfor removal of bisphenol A(BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP),estrone (E1) and 17?-estradiol (E2) as examples of organic analytes. All measurements were performed by high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC). Some parameters influencing the removal such as pH, dosage of adsorbent and initial concentration of organic analytes were optimized. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models werewell-fitted with the experimental adsorption data.  

  In this study, the adsorption of Direct Red 23 (DR23)molecules as a color agent on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) UiO?66, UiO?66-NH2,and HKUST-1 as absorbents were investigated. MOFs based on zirconium (Zr) metal(UiO) have shown a good adsorption capacity and after the adsorption process,they maintained their stability and had the ability to be reused, whichindicates the stability of these nano absorbents in the process of recovery andit is reusable. Compared to the UiO-66-NH2 adsorbent, the UiO-66nano-adsorbent showed a higher removal efficiency and adsorption capacity,which can be attributed to its larger pore size and higher surface area. HKUST-1nano-adsorbent based on copper (Cu) metal showed higher removal ability thanadsorbents based on Zr. These nano-adsorbents have been identified andinvestigated by various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis(TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and infrared spectroscopy. (FT-IR).

  Anorganoplatinum(IV) complex containing diorganotinchloride; [PtMe2(SnMe2Cl)Cl(4,4?-Me2bpy)]was synthesized and varieties of techniques including UV-Vis spectroscopy,fluorescence, CD, andmolecular docking were used to examine its interaction with calf thymus DNA invitro. the binding constant for DNA interaction was2.8×104 M-1, which, as compared to known bindingconstants, supports a groove-complex binding mechanism. In fluorometricstudies, evaluating the value of Kq indicate static quenchingmechanism and the values of ?H and ?G indicate that the reaction is endothermicand spontaneous. In addition, since ?H > 0 and ?S > 0, there is ahydrophobic reaction relationship between these two compounds. CD spectra ofDNA revealed no significant change in the intensity of both its negative andpositive bands. As the largestprotein in the blood vessel system, human serum albumin (HSA) regulates manychemical compounds and molecules' tra  ort, the interaction between humanserum albumin with different concentration of the complex [PtMe2(SnMe2Cl)Cl(4,4?-Me2bpy)]was investigated by using UV-Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence, CD, and moleculardocking techniques. A reduction in intrinsicfluorescence of the protein can be observed in the presence of this complex andthe data showed that the interaction mechanism is static. Thermodynamic data, enthalpy(-125.1 kJmol-1) and entropy (-334.7 Jmol-1K-1)indicate hydrogen bond and van der waals force are the main forces. The UV-Visspectrum shows that HSA conformation changes when the complex Pt(IV) is bound toit, and the CD spectrum shows changes in its alpha helical structure after its interaction.In addition, in order to detect the junction of the complex based on thejunction constant kb at room temperature, it was concluded that thecomplex is attached to site II based on the values obtained from the junctionconstant kb.

   In this study, new binuclear cobalt(II) complex with the composition of [Co(II)(pydc)(µ-pydc)Co(II)(H2O)5].2H2O, (PYDC=pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate) have been synthesized by a new method. The complex was characterised by spectroscopic studies, X-ray diffraction techniques. A binuclear Co(II) complex which exhibits an extended hydrogen bonding network. The coordination environment around Co(II) is distorted octahedral with the cationic portion of 5a centrosymmetric complex with the center of inversion lying on Co(II). There are two crystallographically independent Co(II). This compound consists of asymmetric dimeric units with independent Co(1)/Co(2) centers. The cationic part is formed by a six-coordinate Co(2) with distorted octahedral geometry filled by five terminal waters and one -carboxylate O2 from the anionic portion of the compound. The anionic moiety comprises a distorted octahedral Co(1) with two deprotonated carboxylate moieties as tridentate chelates. The binding interactions of the complex with Calf thymus-deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-DNA) and human serum albumin (HSA) have been investigated using absorption and emission spectral techniques. HSA binding interaction studies showed that the binuclear Co(II) complex can quenh the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA through static quenching process. In that interaction mechanism, it was proved that the fluorescence quenching of HSA by Co(II) complex is a result of the formation of Co(II) complex–HSA association. The ct-DNA binding properties and competitive fluorescence experiment with Hoechst 33258 and methylene blue dye indicated that, this complex binds to ct-DNA through a partial intercalation and groove mode and the binding constant value was calculated using the absorption and emission spectral data. The binding constant value (~10 × 106 mol dm-3) indicate strong binding of metal complex with ct-DNA. The thermodynamic parameters ?G, ?H, and ?S for all interactions at different temperatures (278, 298 and 310 K) were calculated, and the negative value for ?H and ?S indicated that the hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions play major roles in Co(II) complex-HSA adduct, while the negative ?H and positive ?S values indicated that electrostatic interactions play main roles in the binding of Co(II) complex to DNA. According to the thermodynamic data, the formation of the Co(II) complex-DNA complex is enthalpy favored while it is entropy disfavored. From the docking calculation for Co(II) complex–HSA, the best docking energy result is picked up from the 16 minimum energy conformers from the 500 runs. The Co(II) complex is located within the binding pocket of site 1 (subdomains IIA). From the docking calculation for Co(II) complex–HSA adduct, The obtained results confirm the role of both intercalation and groove binding in the interaction and the experiments results accuracy.    Keywords

In this study, solvent-solute interactions in aqueous ternary systems (L-serine + water + galactose) and (L-serine + water + xylose) have been investigated. In order to study these interactions, measurements of the density of solutions containing these components at different concentrations have been used. Using the measured densities, volumetric properties such as apparent molar volume, apparent molar volume at infinite dilution, apparent molar volume of transfer and expandability were obtained. The Redlich-Meyer equation is used to calculate the apparent molar volume at infinite dilution. The results show that the amount of apparent molar volume increases with increasing temperature and concentration of the studied amino acid, while it decreases with increasing concentration of sugars studied. In both ternary solutions, hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions predominate, and both systems are structural.   

AbstractIn this study,the density of binarysystems(Potassium cyanide -water and thio glycolic acid-water) and ternary systems(Potassium cyanide -water-thio glycolic acid)   at temperatures rang of   (293.15k, 298.15k, 303.15k )   and at atmospheric pressure is measured .Fromdensity data, the excess molar volume for each mixture was calculated. additional  excess molar volume data were obtainedby the equation Redlich-Kister. the experimental results showedthat the excess molar volume was negative for all systems and increased withincreasing temperature .In thefollowing, the interactions in the binary and ternary mixtures were calculatedusing molecular dynamics simulation. In liquid phase, by optimized potentialsfor liquid simulations (OPLS) force field, the molecular dynamics simulationshave been carried out and used to calculation of the densities, radialdistribution functions (RDFs), and diffusion of the mixtures with differentmole fractions at 298.15 K and at 1.0 atm. For these mixtures, by moleculardynamic simulation the hydrogen bonding (H- .bonding) interactions wereinvestigated and discussed.  

Chapter 1: In this chapter, we briefly review direct methanol fuel cells and the most effective anode catalysts for methanol oxidation. Chapter 2: The lack of low-cost, environmental friendly and efficient electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in DMFCs has restricted its industrialization; thus, the suggestion of a suitable electrocatalyst can be helpful to solve this problem. Herein microsphere-like the flower of undoped CuS and doped with different percentages of nickel was examined as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The obtained results from different electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry showed that the secondary metal doping (in here Nickel), has an egregious effect in electrocatalytic activity improvement. In comparison with undoped CuS and other percentages doped of nickel in CuS (3, 10%), the oxidation current density of methanol was increased on 5% Ni-doped CuS (j~ 140mAcm-2 in 1M methanol); in addition, the electrocatalyst with this percent of nickel (5%) was indicated the lower onset potential than the other electrocatalysts. The good current density and also, the excellent stability (during 6000s) of this electrocatalyst made us to further its investigation toward methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Chapter 3: A composed structure of MnO2 and (Ni-Cu) sulfide nanospheres as an efficient electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction in alkaline media (0.5M KOH) is suggested here. A simple hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of both (Ni-Cu) sulfide and (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 electrocatalysts. The final electrocatalyst ((Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2) was investigated by different methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The electrocatalytic behavior of (Ni-Cu) sulfide nanospheres and (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 composite toward MOR was examined by different electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry. The outcome indicated that the (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 composite relative to (Ni-Cu) sulfide had lower onset potential toward MOR ,and it showed the higher stability (for 6000s). The MnO2 fabrication on bimetal sulfide of (Ni-Cu) is the responsible for enhancement in the electrocatalytic properties of the proposed composite. It seems that the present work has been able to show the performance of MnO2 as a component of a composite in the manufacture of effective catalysts for methanol oxidation.  

During the last century, a huge amount of wastewater wasdischarged into rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Given the existing challenges,applicable technologies such as microbial fuel cell (MFC) is commonly employed totreat wastewater. However, this technology suffers from the high cost andlow proton exchange capacity related to the usage of Nafion membranes. Consideringthese shortcomings, the main aim of this study is to fabricate and modify aninnovative proton exchange membrane for improving transfer of proton,increasing power generation and coulombic efficiency. There are numerous methods for proton exchange membranemodification. One of them is doping nanoparticles. In this study, the novel Pu-HPCPnanoparticle and Pu-HPCP/SPES nanocomposite membranes with various loading ofthe referred nanoparticle (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1,1.5 wt. %) were synthesized andcharacterized. FT-IR, SEM, TGA analysis were done to characterize synthesizednanoparticle. The results showed that the Pu-HPCP nanoparticle had good thermalstability and asymmetric structure. The performance of the fabricated membraneswas investigated in the MFC as power generation and coulombic efficiency. Theexperimental results demonstrated that, the SPES membrane with 1 wt.% ofPu-HPCP nanoparticle had the maximum power generation and coulombic efficiencyof 35 mW.m-2 and 69%, respectively. The observed properties of lowbiofouling, low oxygen permeability, high power generation, high COD removaland coulombic efficiency (CE) indicated that the 1wt.% Pu-HPCP/SPES membranehas potential to improve significantly the productivity of MFCs.  

سرطان بيماري است كه در آن سلول هاي بدن به طور غير عادي تقسيم مي شوند و بافت هاي سالم اطراف را نابود مي كنند. تا كنون علت دقيق سرطان مشخص نشده است ولي احتمال دارد عوامل ژنتيكي علل اصلي بروز سرطان باشد. اغلب رخدادهاي كه منجر به بروز فنوتيپ هاي سرطاني مي شوند. تحت كنترل ژنتيك قرار دارند .سنتز و شناسايي كمپلكس هاي فلزي با ليگاند هاي بزرگ حلقه يا حلقه باز هدف بسياري از تحقيقات در سال هاي اخير بوده است. براي درمان سرطان از روش هاي گوناگون استفاده مي شود كه يكي از اين روش هاي درمان با استفاده از داروها مي باشد. در سال هاي اخير بررسي خواص ضد سرطاني بسياري از داروهاي جديد سنتز شده از عناصر فلزي توجه بسياري از بيوشيميدان هاي معدني را به خود جلب كرده است. كشف خواص ضد سرطاني سيس پلاتين آغازگر گسترش بررسي اين دسته از داروها تلقي مي شود وجود معايبي از جمله پايداري و سميت بالاي اين دارو نياز به تغيير ليگاند و بررسي كمپلكس هاي فلزي زيست سازگار را ضروري كرده است. ساختار و خصوصيات پيوند و رفتار مغناطيسي مس(II) مورد توجه شيميدان هاي معدني قرار گرفته است. مس(II) بهترين سيستم براي بررسي تعامل مغناطيسي بين مراكز فلزي هستند و دليل ن ها ساختار الكترونيكي   d9است. شيمي تركيبات به ويژه آنهايي كه شامل اتم دهنده N هتروسيكليك هستند اخيرا مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند ،از جمله اتانول آمين و اسيد پيكولينيك كه كاربردهاي بيشماري دارند .اسيد پيكولينيك و دي اتانول آمين نقش هاي مهمي در فرآيندهاي بيولوژيكي دارند وبراي فعاليت هاي ضد سرطاني مورد استفاده قرار مي گيرند.اخيرا نشان داده شده درمان بااسيد پيكولينيك رشد سلول ها را مختل كرده و چرخه ي سلولي را متوقف مي كند. اسيد پيكولينيك همچنين تحريك مرگ سلولي برنامه ريزي شده در سلول هاي سرطاني و به طور موثر در پيشرفت HIV در شرايط آزمايشگاهي را مختل مي كند . كمپلكس هاي 10و11 توانايي اتصال بهDNA   دارند و مشاهده شده كه بين ليگاندهاي كمپلكس و جفت بازهاي DNA اتصال ?-? وجود دارد . مس حاوي ليگاند دي پيكولينات اسيد نسبتآ ساختار گونه هستند و از لحاظ مغناطيسي يك گروه مناسب براي سيستم هاي كربوكسيكلاتي به شمار مي آيند كه وزن مولكولي پاييني دارند. درميان تركيبات كربوكسيلات كه شامل اتم دهنده هتروسيكليك,2-پيكولينات(پيريدين-2كربوكسيكليك اسيد,Hpic-2 (كه شامل هر دو اتم N وO دهنده قوي هستند كه علاقه خاصي به اين گروه ها وجود دارد. ليگاند اتانول آمين ها پتانسيل بسيار خوبي براي توليد تنوع مولكولي دارند. كمپلكس مس (II)همراه با ليگاند اتانول آمين براي مشخص كردن ساختار هترو فلزي و به ويژه مغناطيس تك مولكولي غير هسته اي استفاده كرديم. اتانول آمين داراي ويژگي هاي نوري جالب هستند .[18] اتانول آمين ها طبقه اي از مولكول هاي آلي كه شامل گروه آمين والكل هستند.گروه آمين از درجه ي اول (مونو اتانول آمين) و از درجه ي دوم (دي اتانول آمين) و از درجه ي سوم (تري اتانول آمين) باشد نشانگر واكنش پذيري و هماهنگي آمين ها مي باشد. ماهيت دوتايي اتانول آمين ها آن ها را قادر مي سازد كه كاربردهاي تجاري زيادي مانند جلوگيري از خوردگي, پاك سازي گاز, علف كش ها و به عنوان ماده اي عليه سرطان از آن استفاده شده است.[اتانول آمين ها ليگاندهاي چند كاره هستند كه به آساني به شكل گيري تركيبات هماهنگ با بيشتر يون هاي فلزي كمك مي كند و نقشي به عنوان ليگاندهاي   و Oدهنده ايفا مي كند. ك اتاليز مس(II) با ساليسيليدن 2-اتانول آمين داراي تاثيرمثبت هنگام استفاده از آنها در واكنش هاي اكسيداسيون الفين ها وتخريب ليگينين بوده .

   The binding interactions between Cu(II) complex with calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) were investigated using absorption, emission. Moreover, the interaction of Cu(II) complex with HSA were investigated using absorption, emission. For DNA interaction absorption spectra of Cu(II) complex showed hypochromisms. In fluorimeteric studies, the binding mode of Met and its Cu(II) complex with DNA were studied using Hoechst 33258 and MB as a fluorescence prob, respectively. As an evidence by quenching fluorescence of Hoechst-DNA solution in the presense of increasing amounts of complex, the drug is able to displace the Hoechst 33258 groove binder into DNA completely as to indicate groove binding. The Cu (II) complex can bind with DNA–MB complex and forms a new non fluorescence adduct. Finally all results indicated that Cu(II) complex interact with DNA via groove binding mode and binding affinity of the drug is stronger than that of its cooper complex.   HSA interaction with Cu(II) complex cause changes in UV spectra and indicate the formation of an adducts of HSA-Cu (II) complex cause changes in protein conformation. Fluorescence studies showed that the HSA fluorescence intensity was quenched by dynamic quenching and both dynamic and static mechanism for the Cu(II) complex.

The interaction of zinc complex (cis-2-((2-((2-hydroxyethyl)aminoethylamino)benzene-1-ol) dibromo zinc(II)) with calf-thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) has been studied by using various spectroscopic techniques and molecular docking. The results of fluorescence and UV-vis absorption showed that the complex interacted with ct-DNA via groove binding mode. The fluorimetric investigations indicated that the reaction between the mentioned complex and ct-DNA is exothermic. The changes in the Circular Dichroism spectroscopy (CD) of DNA in the presence of increasing amounts of the complex showed stabilization of the right-handed B form of ct-DNA. Furthermore, the docking results showed that hydrogen bond played an important role in the binding of zinc complex to DNA. In addition, the interaction of zinc complex with HSA was investigated. The results showed that the HSA fluorescence was quenched by zinc complex through static quenching. In addition, the presence of hydrogen bond and van der Waals force was confirmed due to thermodynamic parameters. The molecular docking was used to simulate and predict the binding site of zinc complex to albumin and to authenticate experimental results.

An efficient supported ionic liquid catalyst is designed for the condensation reaction of aldehydes and dimedone. The Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF), UiO-66-NH2, was initially functionalized with 1-(4-bromobutyl)-1H-imidazole and then 1,4-butane sultone to form a supported ionic-liquid (SIL). Next, HSO4– was exchanged with tetrafluoroborate, the catalyst exhibits excellent performance for the synthesis of derivative xanthenes. The UiO-66-NH2-ILBF4–-SO3H showed a synergistic effect on the efficiency of the reaction. The supported catalyst system was recycled simply by filtration and reused five times without a significant decrease in its activity. The catalyst was characterized with PXRD, FTIR, TGA, BET, FE-SEM, EDS, and elemental mapping.   

Crude oil is a valuable and essential material for human life; Both in terms of energy supply and production of raw materials required by industry. But like everything else, in addition to the many benefits, it has many disadvantages that can seriously endanger the life of living organisms, especially aquatic organisms. By the entry of crude oil into the water during exploration, extraction or displacement operatio   Due to the partial dissolution, it can remain as a layer on the surface of the water or become emulsion due to environmental forces such as tides or waves. In this research, we have tried to break the crude oil emulsion in water and remove the crude oil from the environment by adsorption by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with fatty acids and surfactants. FT-IR, TEM, SEM, TGA, VSM, EDS and XRD devices were used to identify nanoparticles and their physical, chemical and morphological properties, and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer was used to determine the amount of crude oil adsorption by nanoparticles. The highest adsorption was recorded for iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyoxyethylene with 98.03%. Some of these nanoparticles were also used in the demulsification of water and Ligroin emulsions. Again, iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyoxyethylene had the highest adsorption with 92.31%. Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticles, Iron oxide nanoparticles, Fe3O4, Demulsification, Water and crude oil emulsion, Fatty acid, Surfactant   

     The am   of this study was to investigate of the adsorption of redreactive anion dye with zinc oxide adsorbent modified with ginger (ZnO/Zingiber) extract and zinc oxide magnet modified (Fe3O4@ZnO/Zingiber

  Synthesis of tin chloride dimethyl bipyridine tin complex and its interaction with calf thymus DNA and human serum protein using instrumental and spectrometric methods and observation and recording of results to discover anticancer drug properties and the effect of this complex in stopping the growth of facial cancer cells Took

In recent years, water scarcity has posed significant challenges to oil refineries. The escalating water demands of developing oil refineries in pace with the progressively stringent environmental, economic, and technical regulatory and suitability constraints necessitate seeking sustainable water and wastewater management strategies that encourage minimizing fresh water consumption through treated wastewater reuse. Thus, the main scope of the present study is to investigate a general procedure using innovative post treatment technologies in order to attain an almost zero discharge water management in real life - Kermanshah's oil refinery case study. The results obtained are proofs enough that the selected post treatment scenario can effectively minimize the overall fresh water demand. the selected post treatment scenario involving hybrid membrane technology (UF + RO) could result in overall fresh water savings of approximately 70% and 50%, respectively in summer and winter times of the year, proving the benefit of water management optimization

  درابتدا، نتايج بدست آمده براي سنتز بي آريل­ها توسطكاتاليزور مغناطيسي كيتوزان-تاينيل ايمين پالاديم(II)  متخلخل را گزارش كرديم (MPCS-TI/Pd). اين كاتاليزور ناهمگن به­طور كارآمد در واكنش جفت شدن سوزوكي-ميائورااز آريل بورونيك اسيدها و آريل هاليدهاي مختلف بكار برده شد. كاتاليزور به راحتيتوسط يك آهنرباي خارجي از محيط واكنش خارج شد و بدون از دست دادن قابل توجهي درفعاليت كاتاليزوري   5 بار مورد استفادهاستفاده مجدد قرار گرفت.

  AbstractThe leading purpose of thisdissertation is flux increment and foulingdiminution of the PES nanofiltration membranes using diazonium chemistry. Inpart one, diazonium-induced grafting was applied to in situ surfacefunctionalization of PES membrane through covalent attachment of anilineoligomers. The process involves gradual reduction of oligomer diazonium saltswhich yields a superhydrophilic layer of branched aniline oligomers (BAO)grafted on membrane surface. Oligomeric modified membrane was indicated greatperformance of high water permeation flux (93.6 kg/m2.h), as well ashigh FRR (99%) and low Rir (0.9) after fouling with powder milk protein for 90min. BAO modified membrane exhibited exceptional super hydrophilicitywettability with a surprising water contact angle of 0 ?. Roughness parameters inthe modified membrane significantly alleviated, that was demonstrative thesmooth surface in the BAO modified membrane.In part two, we quantified the effect of radically andcoupling treatment on the performance and structure of nascent PES nanofiltration membrane with utilization of4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone as precursor starting for diazonium-inducedgrafting. Different functional groups were introducedto the surface of radically and coupling modified membranes via aryldiazoniummethodology. Both of treatments depicts improvement of membrane performance interms of permeability and antifouling capability but, Procurable results ofcoupling treatment are more successful than radically treatment. The couplingtreatment causes that, the permeation flux of coupling modified membrane 3.85times was improved compared to nascent PESnanofiltration membrane. Evaluation of the interactions of membranes surface with powdermilk protein for characterization of fouling resistance was accomplished usingof dead-end filtration system, that the coupling modified membrane indicated high efficiency in antifoulingcapability against protein (FRR=91.35%, Rr=77.56, Rir=8.64).Cross-flow filtration system was used to evaluation stability ofcoupling modified membrane for long time (16h). This test showed almost steadyflux for prolong time of 16h (9.70% flux reduction), that these results wasexhibition of fantastic antifouling performance of the coupling modifiedmembrane.   In part three, firstly couplingmodified PES (CPES) was synthesized by efficient coupling methodology using4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone as precursor starting. Then, the CPES/PES blendmembranes were produced at five various compositions via the >In part four, firstly aniline modified PES (APES) was prepared bychemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts using atmospheric oxidized dark brown aniline as precursor starting. Subsequently, in order to obtain appropriate APEScontent, the APES/PES blend membranes were fabricated at three differentcompositions by phase-inversion procedure. The membranes performanceexperiments revealed, that the incorporation of APES could be impressivelyelevated permeated pure water flux so that, the membrane with 25 Wt.% APESshowed the water permeation flux of 70.6 kg /m2.h(at operational pressure of 3 bar) that higher than nascent PESnanofiltration membrane (17.4kg /m2. h.). Incorporation of 25 wt.% APES was incurthat, the antifouling capability of modified membrane was greatly improvedcompared to original membrane.Part five describes the filtration performance of licoriceaqueous solution by coupling-PES and 25 wt.% APES/PES modified membranes that, wasverified systematically and compared to original NF PES membrane. The efficacyof operational pressure and cross-flow velocity on permeation flux andrejection were evaluated. All experiments were employed in a lab scalecross-flow filtration equipment with effective area of 40 cm2

   Abstract This thesis contained one part which is about Synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles containing layered double hydroxides and drugs (Fe3O4@LDH@Drugs) and investigation of their interactions with biomacromolecules. The main purpose of this study was the synthesis of Nano carriers based on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles and double layered hydroxides for loading drugs, such as L-Dopa and Lamivudine. Investigating the release of these drugs can simulate the release of the drug in the tissues and cells of the patient. Also, by studying the interaction of nanoparticles with macromolecules such as DNA and HSA, by using spectrophotometric methods and determining their linkage pattern with this kind of macro molecules, the mechanism of action of drugs in confronting patient cells is investigated. Using these Nano sheets, reduces their toxicity by reducing the dosage of the drug, thus reducing the side effects of medications. By using the magnetic properties of these Nano systems, it is attempted to make drug delivery more purposefully, thus increasing the effectiveness of the drug. In this system, the anticancer activity of these drugs will be investigated. The structural features of Fe3O4@CaAl-LDH@L-Dopa and Fe3O4@CaAl-LDH@Lamivudine were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, VSM, TGA, XPS and BET. All of the characterization techniques show the uniform high surface area core-shell structure with about 120 nm in average size. Also, the obtained results clearly indicate that this drug delivery system possess high potent for adsorption of L-Dopa and Lamivudine (52%) and high drug efficiency. The amount of drugs release in low pHs which simulates the environment of cancer cells is greater than higher pHs (53.8%) and (87%), for L-Dopa and Lamivudine respectively. The in vitro cytotoxic and anticancer activities of Fe3O4@CaAl@L-Dopa were investigated against Mel-Rm cells Melanoma (NCIt:  C3224) using a MTT colorimetric assay. The results show Fe3O4@CaAl@L-Dopa with a lower concentration of L-Dopa, illustrate a higher anticancer activity and lower side effects. Next, we evaluated the cytotoxicity of the Fe3O4@CaAl-LDH@Lamivudine, against Hep-G2 cells (human liver cancer cell).  ). Such low IC50 values of the nano-Lamuivudine indicate their high drug efficiencies in vitro against Hep-G2 cells, and also imply the expected low using amounts of drug and carrier. The interaction of Fe3O4@LDH@L-Dopa and Fe3O4@LDH@Lamivudine with CT-DNA was investigated by viscosity, circular dichroism (CD), Uv-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. In the fluorimetric investigation, this nanocomposites can bind to DNA and creates a new non-fluorescence adducts. In addition, for both of the Nano systems, by increasing Nano composite to DNA-MB solution, the fluorescence has no changes, but the replacement processes occur by using Hoechst as the probe. The outcome of fluorescence titration demonstrated that the nanocomposite strongly quenches the intrinsic fluorescence of DNA through a static quenching procedure. The thermodynamic parameters (?H<0 and ?S<0), indicate that the interaction between DNA and nanocomposite is hydrogen bond and Vander-Waals force. The process of binding was spontaneous, in which Gi   free energy change (?G) was negative. Furthermore, viscosity measurements did not show any changes by increasing the amount of the mentioned nanocomposite. In Circular dichroism, both positive and negative bands illustrate little changes, which imply a non-intercalative mode of binding. The experimental results demonstrate that Fe3O4@LDH@L-Dopa and Fe3O4

  The purposes of this thesis is preparing nanofiltration membranes with high pure water flux and antifouling properties and applying them for decolorization from industrial wastewater. To obtain this target, polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes modified with three types of carbon nanofillers; graphene oxide, carbon dot and pure multi walled carbon nanotubes and also ionic/ non-ionic surfactants were used to examine the effect of them on preventing the agglomeration of nanoparticles. All of the membranes were prepared via phase inversion method.   The effects of the nanoparticle and ionic and non-ionic surfactants of cetylethremethyle ammonium bromide (CTAB), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant and Triton x-100 on the morphology and performance of the prepared membranes were perused in terms of pure water flux, antifouling properties and dye rejection. All of the modified membranes were prepared in constant percent of carbon nanofillers (0.5wt.%).   The existence of hydrophilic functional groups on the surface of carbon nanofillers were proved by FT-IR spectra. X-ray diffraction (XRD)   was applied to indicate the crystalline structure of carbon dot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine the size of nanoparticles. Also atomic force microscopy (AFM) images were prepared to study the surface of membranes and water contact angle (WCA) was measured to examine the hydrophilicity of prepared membranes. As well as scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images were prepared to study the morphology of   membranes and the effect of carbon nanofillers and surfactants on membrane’s morphology. All of the membranes were studied in term of nanofiltration performance by Direct-Red16 rejection as an azo dye and all of   modified membranes show dye rejection above the 90%. Also the optimum membrane(M4) among graphene oxide embedded membranes was selected and that was investigated in order to dye removal from algal wastewater’s Islam Abad treatment plant. This membrane showed dye removal ability near 100%. It is concluded that all of the modified membrane with carbon nanofiller and ionic surfactants displayed better performance in terms of the pure water flux, dye removal and antifouling properties.

Population growth and industrial expansion, caused water pollution problem to be considered. Urban and industrial wastewater is one of the environmental pollution factors. Therefore, it is necessary that this wastewaters have been treated and returned to the nature. One of the limitations for reuse of wastewaters is the presence of color in the sewage. Many natural and industrial colors are poisonous and carcinogenic. Membrane processes are very effective for wastewaters treatment, especially the removal of dye. In the first part of this study, UF and NF membranes with different PVP percentages were synthesized to find membranes with the highest flux and FRR. From these membranes, the UF membrane containing 1 and 2% PVP, and NF membrane containing 2% PVP were selected as the optimal membrane, these membranes were modified by using a layer-by-layer assembly with polymers poly (4-styrenesulfonic acid-co-maleic acid) sodium salt (negative charged) and poly (allylamine hydrochloride) (positive charged), have been modified. Due to the placement of each of the polymers in the top layers on the membrane surface, the charged of membrane is determined. To investigate the effect of electrostatic atraction and repulsion and its effect on the removal of dye, two dyes of Direct red 16 and Melthylen blue have been used. These colors pass through membranes with the same and opposite charged surfaces, and the dye removal rejection has been checked. Due to the flux values, FRR and dye rejection of modified membranes, the UF membrane with 1% PVP was selected as the final optimal membrane. This membrane was characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and permeate test by cross-flow system.

  The interaction of [Pt(VEN)Cl3]K complex with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) has been explored following, using spectroscopic methods, viscosity measurements. It was found that Pt(II) complex could bind with DNA via intercalation mode as evidenced by hyperchromism in UV–Vis spectrum; this spectral characteristic suggests that the Pt(II) complex interacts with DNA most likely through a mode that involves a stacking interaction between the aromatic chromophore and the base pairs of DNA. In addition, the fluorescence emission spectra of intercalated methylene blue (MB) with increasing concentrations of [Pt(VEN)Cl3]K represented a significant increase of MB intensity as to release MB from MB-DNA system. Positive values of ?H and ?S imply that the complex is bound to ct-DNA mainly via the hydrophobic attraction. In addition, the results of viscosity measurements suggest that [Pt(VEN)Cl3]K complex may bind with the 150%;">3]K–HSA complex. The values of the calculated thermodynamic parameters (?H > 0 and ?S > 0) suggested that the hydrophobic interactions were involved in the binding process. The site marker competitive experiments revealed that the binding of Pt(II) complex to HSA primarily occurred in region of site I (subdomain IIA) of HSA.  

  In the present investigation, two highly water soluble iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles coated with a layer of silica and different drugs were synthesized and their interaction with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) and human serum albumin (HSA) were studied. The iron oxide MNPs   were synthesized via chemical co-precipitation and then coated by silica based on sol-gel method. Then, the obtained Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs were functionalized with riboflavin and zidovudine drug. Based FT-IR data, the crystalline phase of iron oxide MNPs was identified to be magnetite(Fe3O4). FT-IR analysis indicated that the Fe3O4 MNPs were successfully coated with SiO2 and riboflavin and zidovudine drug (Fe3O4@SiO2 RF-AZT). On TEM images, the morphology of Fe3O4@SiO2-RF-AZT MNPs was found to be spherical, showing a uniform size distribution with an average diameter of 30 nm. Zeta’s size and potential was measured. Riboflavin and zidovudine coating on Fe3O4@SiO2 MNPs   was intended to achieve water-soluble Fe3O4@SiO2-RF-AZT with and anticancer activities. The cytotoxic and anticancer activities of riboflavin and zidovudine drug and the Fe3O4@SiO2-RF-AZT   against MCF-7 cancer cells and inhibition activity of these compounds on were also reported. We also measured the TGA for MNPs. The in vitro interaction of Fe3O4@SiO2-RF-AZT with calf thymus DNA was studied by UV-vis, fluorescence and CD techniques and viscometery. The results showed that the interaction of MNPs   with DNA is intercalative mode. And the interactions of Fe3O4@SiO2-RF-AZT MNPs   with HSA was studied. The fluorescence spectra of native HSA at different temperatures showed that has been formed between Fe3O4@SiO2-RF-AZT MNPs and HSA via hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. Also, the results of CD and UV-vis spectra showed that the secondary structure of HSA was changed by Fe3O4@SiO2-RF-AZT MNPs  .

  platinum drugs remain some of the most important chemotherapeutic drugs. With improved and targeted delivery, the main limitationsof platinum-based therapies can be mitigated. An approach was conceived to utilizecarbon nanotubes as a protective shell for stable platinum (II). A platinum (II)complex was designed by reaction of potassiumtetrachloroplatinate with caffeine and L-histidine. The caffeine and L-histidine coordinated via N donor atoms of caffeine and L-histidine ([PtCl(Caff)(His)]complex). The [PtCl(Caff)(His)]complex and ([PtCl(Caff)(His)]-SWCNTprepared were characterized Fourier Transform-Infraredspectroscopy (FT-IR) and TransmissionElectron Microscopy (TEM). The [PtCl(Caff)(His)] complex and([PtCl(Caff)(His)]-SWCNT were tested for in vitro cytotoxicity against severalcancer cell lines: the breast carcinoma MCF-7 and Hela (cervical carcinoma cells). The IC50values of the [PtCl(Caff)(His)] complex testedin these cancer cells were also different after 72 h treatment. In comparisonwith free drug, the IC50 value of [PtCl(Caff)(His)]complex lower than the corresponding value for SWNT-[PtCl(Caff)(His)]complex this is indicated that the SWNT-[PtCl(Caff)(His)]complex have better anticancer effect and we synthesis a new candid for cancertreatment. This simple method,loading, and controlled release exploiting the ([PtCl(Caff)(His)]-SWCNT scaffoldcould form the basis of other delivery strategies for targeteddelivery of platinum drugs into cancer cells.

A fast, sensitive, and simple method using magnetic nanoparticles (M  ) coated by tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) and modified with 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide(Metformin), as an adsorbent has been successfully developed for removal of trace amounts of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ from distilled water. In first work, we has been synthesized a new magnetic nanoadsorbent by the covalent immobilization of metformin on the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles. Size, structure and magnetic property of the prepared magnetic nanoparticles (M  ) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). The ability of the prepared M   for removing heavy metals ions (Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+) from distilled water was studied. The effects of different affecting parameters on the adsorption characteristics of the modified M   were investigated. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by metformin functionalized magnetic nanoparticle followed pseudo-second-order model, suggesting a chemisorption process. The adsorption processes fit the Langmuir isotherms well with the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ onto the modified M   were found to be 5.76, 5.47, and 5.06 mg. g?1, respectively. Excellent adsorption capacity of the modified nanoadsorbent together with other advantages such as reusability, easy separation by an external magnetic field, make it suitable adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions.   In second work, thiol functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were prepared for the removal of ultra-trace amount of Hg2+ from aqueous samples. The modification of Fe3O4@SiO2 was done by the 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propantiol to prepare Fe3O4@SiO2–Si-(CH2)3-SH nanoparticles. The morphology of this nanoparticle was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and FT-IR. The adsorption of Hg2+ ions was examined by batch equilibrium technique. The effect of initial Hg2+ concentration, pH value, eluent concentration and volume, contact time, and coexisting ions on the efficiency of Hg2+ removal have been investigated. The mercury analysis was performed by continuous-flow cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). Each parameter affecting the extraction and removal processes was carried out. The optimum conditions were found to be 55 mg of sorbent, pH of 6.5, 12 min for adsorption time and 10 mL of HCl (0.1 mol L?1)/thiourea (2% w/v) for the desorption of mercury from loaded M  .

  In this thesis, two nanocomposites including ccopper phthalocyanine coated with hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were synthesized. These samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Laser Particle Size Analyzer, Photoluminescence(PL), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The applications of these composites were investigated in drug delivery systems and water dispersible pigments.

  AbstractThe synthesis of molecular imprinted polymer nanostructures (MIP/  ), based on magnetic core-shells gives access to intelligent nanocarriers for drug delivery with two obvious features of controlled release and targeted delivery by using external magnetic field. This study describes a rational design for the choosing the functional monomer and cross-linker in order to develop a targeted delivery system for Zidovudine (AZT). Two functional monomers methacrylic acid (MAA) and itaconic acid, and two cross-linkers Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) were investigated. The imprinting factor for all polymers were calculated according to the adsorption experiment. Regarding the results of polymers imprinting factors, itaconic acid and Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were chosen. By using core-shell technology, the resulting polymer was synthesized on the surface of magnetic core. Demonstrated, the resultant magnetic polymer had a highest imprinting factor (I = 4.57) compared to other designed polymers (compared to the polymer without magnetic core (I = 2.52)). Afterwards the performance of magnetic-MIP and MIP nanoparticles was tested as anticancer carrier, and the results of various in-vitro experiment were studied. The percentage of cell cytotoxicity for cancer cells increased from 14% for pure drug to 74% for MIP and 91% for magnetic MIP Nano-particle, However, no significant changes was observed in cell cytotoxicity on normal cells.

  A new complex, [Pt(valcyte)(DMSO)Cl]Cl, in which valcyte (trade name) served as valganciclovir hydrochloride drug ([2-[(2-amino-6-oxo-3H-purin-9-yl)methoxy]-3-hydroxypropyl] (2S)-2-amino-3-methylbutanoate), was synthesized and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Binding interaction of this complex with calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) has been investigated by multi-spectroscopic techniques. The complex displays significant binding properties with ct-DNA. The results of fluorescence and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy indicated that this complex interacted with ct-DNA in a groove-binding mode, and the binding constant was 3.8×104 M?1

  Nizatidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Nizatidine by decreasing the amount of stomach acid production, commonly used in treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disease(GERD) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD).In this study the nizatidine tautomer’s stability, structural data, HOMO and LUMO orbitals (energies and shapes), ?EHOMO-LUMO gaps, UV data and graphs, dipole moments, Mulliken charges, thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities in aqueous media as a biological solvent and some of the different media (vacuum, Et-OH, DMSO) were investigated for the tautomers of nizatidine by density functional theory (DFT)-B3LYP/631-G** method. The results presented that the probability of the compatibility and adaptability of which tautomer (T1-T3) are better than the other tautomer for adapted interaction with the H2-receptor pattern and structural map.

  Application of FM  -TA-SO3H as an Efficient Heterogeneous Acidic Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of Tetrazole and Xanthene Derivatives

  Density for binary solutions Benzel alchol, 1,3-Di chloro-2-propanol and Diethylene glycole-Dimethyl ether with a their of solutions in a fixed   ressure and temperature ranging from   293.15 to 313.15 K.The additional Excess molar volume, partial molar volume and excess partial molar volume of each of the systems were also measured using density data. The equation used to calculate the values listed is the equation of Redlich-Kyster. The particular molar volume at infinite dilution, excess amounts, as well as the apparent molar volumes of the components was evaluated. Two other parameters in this study were measured are coefficient of thermal pressure and expansion coefficients of thermal pressure. The results showed that excess molar volume for binary solutions Benzyl alcohol+1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol are positive and negative for other systems.

A new water soluble [Cu(ephed)(phen)]Cl2.HCl complex in which ephed = pseudoephedrine hydrochloride and phen = 1,10-phenantheroline has been synthesized and characterized using physico-chemical, spectroscopic and computational methods. The binding interaction of this complex with calf thymus (ct-DNA) has been investigated by multi-spectroscopic techniques and molecular modeling study. The results of UV absorption spectroscopy indicated that [Cu(ephed)(phen)]Cl2.HCl interacted with ct-DNA in a groove binding mode Competitive fluorimetric studies with Hoechst 33258 have shown that copper complex exhibit the ability of this complex to displace with DNA-bounded Hoechst 33258, indicating that binds strongly in groove of DNA helix. Furthermore, the complex induces detectable changes in the CD spectrum of ct-DNA. All of  induces   the experimental results prove that the groove binding must be predominant. The results obtained from experimental data were be substantiated by molecular docking studiesIn addition, the interactions of [Cu(ephed)(phen)]Cl2.HCl complex with HSA were studied.The results indicated that binding of copper complex to HSA caused fluorescence quenching of HSA through static quenching mechanism. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force are the major forces in the stability of protein-[Cu(ephed)(phen)]Cl2.HCl complex.   The results of circular dichroism (CD) and UV–vis spectroscopy showed the binding of the copper(II) complex to HSA induced some conformational changes in HSA. According to the competition displacement, it appeared that the binding site of copper(II) complex the protein was around site I.    

  The interaction of the [Mn(mef)2(phen)H2O] complex in which mef : mefenamic acid drug and phen : 1,10 phenanthrolin ligand with ct-DNA and human serum albumin (HSA) has been investigated by using fluorescence different spectroscopic methods, molecular docking and viscometery. The fluorescence and UV absorption spectroscopy indicated that the complex interacted with ct-DNA via intercalating binding mode. The binding constant and the number of binding sites were 1.16×104 L mol-1 and 0.98 respectively. The fluorimetric studies showed that the reaction between the complex and ct-DNA is exothermic ( ; ). Furthermore, the complex induced changes in DNA viscosity. Circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD) was employed to measure the conformational changes of ct-DNA in the presence of the complex and verified, intercalation binding mode. The molecular modeling results illustrated that the complex interacted via intercalated by relative binding energy of -24.60 KJ mol-1.In addition, the interactions of [Mn(mef)2(phen)H2O]   complex with HSA were studied. The results indicated that binding of [Mn(mef)2(phen)H2O] complex to HSA caused fluorescence quenching of HSA.The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic binding major forces in the stability of [Mn(mef)2(phen)H2O]   complex. The results of circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence and UV–vis spectroscopy showed the binding of the [Mn(mef)2(phen)H2O] complex to HSA induced some conformational changes in HSA.

In this study, an attempt has been made to study the interaction of a Zn(II) complex containing an antibiotic drug, ciprofloxacin, with calf thymus DNA using spectroscopic methods. It was found that Zn(II) complex could bind with DNA via partial intercalation mode as evidenced by: hyperchromism in UV–vis spectrum; these spectral characteristics suggest that the Zn(II) complex interacts with DNA most likely through a mode that involves a stacking interaction between the aromatic chromophore and the base pairs of DNA. DNA binding constant (Kb=1.4×104 M-1) from spectrophotometric studies of the interaction of Zn(II) complex with DNA is comparable to those of some DNA intercalative polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes (1.0–4.8×104 M-1). CD study showed stabilization of the right-handed B form of DNA in the presence of Zn(II) complex as observed for the classical intercalator methylene blue. Thermodynamic parameters (?H < 0 and ?S < 0) indicated that hydrogen bond and Van der Waals play main roles in this binding prose. Competitive fluorimetric studies with methylene blue (MB) dye have shown that Zn(II) complex exhibit the ability of this complex to displace with DNA-MB, indicating that it binds to DNA in strong competition with MB for the intercalation.

Study on the interaction mechanism between Mebeverine and Calf Thymus DNA in the presence of different metal ion using multispectroscopic.

AbstractLicorice (Liquorice) extraction plant wastewater (LEWW) is essentially characterized by the presence of xenobiotic and nonbiodegradable organic pollutants, and the industry is faced with the challenge of effectively removing these compounds before disposal. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) are one of the treatment technologies currently being developed to deal with this problem. In this study, the use of photocatalysis and Fentons oxidation in removing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color from the   LEWW was investigated.In part one (photocatalytic oxidation process),an immobilized TiO2 photo catalytic reactor was developed to treat the LEWW. The analysis of the process was performed by varying three significant independent variables including, three numerical factors (COD concentration, photocatalyst loading and reaction time). The experiments were conducted based on a central composite design (CCD) and analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). The region of exploration for the process was taken as the area enclosed by COD concentration (300-700 mg/l), photocatalyst loading (0.5-1 g/l) and reaction time (0.5-6.5 h) boundaries. The COD removal efficiency was about 69%, and also SRR was about 350(mgCODremoval/Catalyst,h) at COD concentration of 700 mg/l, concentration of photocatalyst   1 g/l, after 6.5h . Maximum BOD5/COD ratio was found to be about 0.30 in CODin and photocatalyst loading of 700 mg/l and 1 g/l, respectively.Color removal efficieny at the optimum condition was 88.7% after 6h. The effect of oxidants concentration (Hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxodisulfate and potassium bromate ) on The process performance was conducted at pH of 6.4 (free pH), CODin concentration 700 mg/l, and a TiO2 dosage of 1 g/l. The oxidant addition enhanced the degradation efficiency compared to That without oxidant. The addition of oxidants over the amounts of H2O2 340 mg/l, K2S2O8 4.5 g/l and KBrO3 6.5 g/l, inhibited the system performance. The optimal dosages of oxidants were found to be 340 mg/l, 4.5 g/l, and 6.5 g/l, respectively for (Hydrogen peroxide, potassium peroxodisulfate and potassium bromate). In the fenton process, The effects of H2O2/Fe2+ molar ratio (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3) and reaction time (1-6 h) on the process performance removing color & COD were investigated . Within the range of the experimental conditions used in this study, the LEWW was found to be easily decolourised by Fenton process but mineralization of COD content, required higher reagents dosage and longer reaction time. From the results 72 % of COD could be removed at pH 3, 0.09 M H2O2, 0.036 M FeSO4 and 6 h reaction time.   

In this research project, First, the Li/CaO nano-catalyst was synthesized using microemulsion method. In the next stage, the Li/CaO nano-catalyst was used in the transesterification reaction to production of biodiesel. Different variables influenced both the transesterification reaction and the performance of Li/CaO nano-catalyst. The results of the optimization of variables include the following:  Calcination temperature of catalyst: 600?C - calcination time: 3 hours - the weight percent of the active phase to the base: 40% - reaction temperature: 65 ?C - reaction time: 4 hours - molar ratio of alcohol to oil: 12: 1 - the weight percent of catalyst to oil: 4%.  At the end of the optimization, the efficiency of the biodiesel production, using the transesterification reaction and in the presence of the Li/CaO nano-catalyst, reached   99 %. The next objective of the project was to characterization the Li/CaO nano-catalyst using different techniques such as XRD, SEM and BET. The XRD method showed that the Li/CaO catalyst included three compounds of CaO and Ca(OH)2, each having cubic crystalline phase. Likewise, the size of the synthesized nanoparticles was in the range of 20-50 nm. The BET method made possible the interpretation of the Ce-Ba/CaO nano-catalyst performance in the transesterification reaction based on the surface area, pore volume, and the diameter of the nano-catalyst.Another objective of the project was to investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics of the transesterification reaction in the presence of the Li/CaO nanocatalyst. First, the changes in the thermodynamics functions were measured under standard conditions, namely ?rH? and ?rS? based on the governing chemical-physical relationshi   the obtained values ??are ?rH? = 329/32 kJ/mol and ?rS?= 1/038 kJ/mol.k. In the next step, the transesterification reaction kinetics was studied. The aim was to determine the rate equation of the transesterification reaction and measure the kinetic variables such as the activation energy and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor. The results indicated that the rule of the transesterification reaction rate was r = k [TG] [MeOH], which is a pseudo-second order equation. The obtained values for the activation energy and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor ??were Ea = 123/42 kJ/mol and A = 4/ 97 × 1014 mol/lit.s.