Behnam Sedighi

 Continuous monitoring of chemical species in water resources, particularly ammonia and nitrate, is of great importance due to their health and environmental consequences. Although conventional instrumental methods offer high accuracy, they require specialized equipment and high costs. In this study, two simple and low-cost sensing systems based on cellulosic substrates were designed, fabricated, and evaluated for the measurement of ammonia and nitrate. In the first part, a paper-based sensor based on polyaniline (PANI) was developed for ammonia detection. Polyaniline was synthesized via chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in an acidic medium and then applied onto a paper substrate. The chemical structure of the polymer was characterized by FTIR, and the surface morphology was examined by SEM. The resistive response of the sensor in NaOH medium at a concentration of 0.01 M and a contact time of 180 s was selected as the optimal condition. Using the response surface methodology, the optimal amount of polyaniline was determined to be 0.070505 g and the optimal NaOH concentration was 0.085583 M. The calibration curve was obtained in two distinct linear ranges: 0–90 µM (equation: R = -0.8778C + 2556.6, R² = 0.9881) and 200–1000 µM (equation: R = -0.351C + 2494.4, R² = 0.991). The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated as 0.33 and 1.01 µM, respectively. The repeatability of the sensor response was evaluated with an RSD of 0.46% in standard solution and an average RSD of 0.20% in real samples. Furthermore, the capability of the sensor's kinetic response for discriminating bottled water samples was investigated. Eight commercial brands (Kimia, Meyva, Saeo, Azmarg, Aquafina, Damavand, Dasani, and Bisheh) were tested with five independent replicates. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the first two components explained 99.31% of the total variance, and the samples were well separated in the principal component space. The confusion matrix, for the evaluated dataset, showed no classification error, and the performance metrics for the examined classes were 1.00. This result is limited to the same eight samples and experimental conditions. In the second part, a method based on nanocellulose and digital imaging was presented for nitrate measurement. Nanocellulose was prepared from tissue paper via acid hydrolysis and used as the substrate for the colorimetric reaction. The colorimetric reaction was carried out using zinc powder, 3-nitroaniline, and 1-naphthylamine in an acidic medium, and the optimal amounts of these components were determined to be 0.04, 0.005, and 0.003 g, respectively. The RGB calibration curve was obtained in the range of 0–70 mg/L with the equation R = -0.4133C + 147.71 and R² = 0.9732. The LOD and LOQ were calculated as 3.74and 11.35 µM, respectively. Comparison of the RGB method with the spectrophotometric reference method in real samples (well water, agricultural water, tap water, flowing water, wastewater, and watermelon) showed that the relative error between the two methods ranged from 4.54% to -9.88%. The results of this study indicate that cellulosic substrates can serve as suitable platforms for the fabrication of simple, low-cost, and portable sensors for water quality monitoring. However, the obtained results are limited to the laboratory conditions and the examined samples, and their generalization to other conditions and aqueous matrices should be made with caution. Keywords: Polyaniline, Paper-based sensor, Ammonia, Nanocellulose, Digital imaging, Nitrate, Colorimetry

   this study, the preparation of heterogeneous Ca-CeO nanocatalyst by microemulsion method and its use as a catalyst in the transesterification reaction for biodiesel production from sunflower oil are investigated. Different variables, including Ca to Ce molar ratios, calcination conditions, reaction temperature and time, alcohol to oil molar ratio, and catalyst to oil weight percentage, affect the transesterification reaction and the performance of Ca-CeO nanocatalyst. One of the goals of this project is to optimize these variables in order to achieve maximum biodiesel yield. According to the results of optimizing the operating conditions for biodiesel production in the presence of Ca-CeO nanocatalyst during the esterification process with sunflower oil, at a calcination temperature of 800 and a calcination time of 5 hours, a molar ratio of (2:1) Ca to Ce, a reaction temperature of 65, a reaction time of 3 hours, a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 15:1 and a weight percentage of catalyst to oil of 5%, a yield of 95.99% has been reported. The prepared Ca-CeO nanocatalyst has also been investigated by instrumental methods such as SEM, EDAX, XRD, BET and FT_IR.

  In this study, the effect of different pretreatment methods on solubilization of waste activated sludge (WAS) and subsequent methane production was systematically investigated. Three pretreatment strategies, including homogenization, ultrasonication, and enzymatic hydrolysis, were applied and optimized in separate steps. In the first stage, homogenization pretreatment for 1 hour at 3000 rpm generated strong shear forces, cavitation, and turbulence, leading to significant sludge hydrolysis. This resulted in an sCOD concentration of 2210 mg/L, VSS removal of 63.33%, NH? concentration of 6.13 mg/L, and PO?³? concentration of 9.56 mg/L. Higher homogenization speed enhanced sludge disruption and solubilization. In the second stage, the effect of ultrasonication parameters, including sonication time, amplitude, and pulse mode, was evaluated. At the optimal condition (100% amplitude, pulse mode 1, and 60 minutes), VSS reduction reached 61.41% and sCOD concentration increased to 5010 mg/L, highlighting the direct influence of these parameters on sludge disintegration. In the third stage, enzymatic pretreatment was performed using amylase, protease, and lipase. A total of 90 experiments were designed by RSM to assess the effects of retention time, temperature, initial pH, enzyme dosage, and enzyme type. Optimum conditions were identified as retention time of 6 h, temperature of 55°C, pH 9.5, and enzyme dosage of 5%. Finally, anaerobic digestion (AD) was conducted under these optimal pretreatment conditions. After 344 h of AD, measurements of VSS, sCOD, TCOD, pH, and gas pressure indicated enhanced methane production and reduced retention time compared to untreated sludge. Among all methods, enzymatic hydrolysis using amylase demonstrated superior efficiency in gas production over ultrasonication and homogenization.

has been investigated. Chapter 1, represents the nature, disadvantages and necessity of removing organic dyes from wastewater and different purification method specially adsorption. Chapter 2, reports the preparation of pristine and Fe doped ZIF-8 and their application in removal of organic dyes (brilliant green and malachite green) from aqueous solution. Herein, to improve the removal performance of the ZIF-8, a series of Fe-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (Fe-ZIF-8) adsorbents were fabricated by doping Fe ion into the ZIF-8 and mass ratios of the ZIF-8/Fe materials were optimized. Characterizations of materials were carried out by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS). The dyes removal performance was evaluated based on various experimental parameters including adsorbent dosage, pH, ionic strength, initial dye concentration and contact time. The results showed that pH and salinity had a small effect on the adsorption process of adsorbents, thus providing a possibility for practical application in water purification. The kinetic data were fitted to pseudo-first- and pseudo-second order, Elovich, external and intraparticle diffusion models. It was elucidated that the limiting stages of BG and MG adsorption were controlled by chemical (as confirmed by the regression correlation coefficient of pseudo-second order) and mixed interaction (intraparticle and external) diffusion. The isotherm data were adjusted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin. The adsorption of dyes onto the ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-8 was consistent with the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption and the maximum adsorption capacity of the ZIF-8 and Fe-ZIF-8 was found to be 1209.88 mgBG/g, 2941.48 mgMG/g, 2744.40 mgBG/g, and 2737.62 mgMG/g, respectively. In this regard, the Fe doping extremely enhanced the adsorption capacity of ZIF-8 toward BG and synergistically promoted the BG removal kinetic. The large adsorption capacity of triphenylmethane dyes on ZIF-8 might be attributed to ??? stacking interaction. The outstanding adsorption capacity of BG could be ascribed to the high surface area and large pore volume of Fe-ZIF-8 as well as the synergetic effects including surface complexation and ?-? interactions.   

   In this work, nanocomposite hydrogels containing CsMe, PVA, ZnO-   were prepared as wound dressing.The purpose of this research is to investigate the performance of ZnO-   in the wound healing process and compare it with ZnO ontinment in the wound healing process. In vivo studies demonstrated that the group treated with hydrogel containing ZnO-   (0.5%) caused faster wound healing compare to the other group. In the group treated with ZnO ointment, The results showed that wound healing using ZnO in the form of nanoparticles is better than using ZnO ointment

  Measuring water hardness using nanocellulose substrate is the goal of our work

  AbstractCurrently,fossil fuel are the main source of energy supply in the world. But due to theincreasing need for energy and the limitation of fossil resources and the environmental pollution, caused by burning them,the desire to use clean energy, such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydrogen andbiomass energy instead of fossil fuels, has increased. Biomass is the fourthlargest source of energy in the world and supplies about 14% of the world'senergy, and the production of energy from these renewable materials reduces theemission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is alsobio- electrochemical system (BES) which, in addition to generating electricity,also treats wastewater. Of course, electricity generation is the most importantapplication of MFC. But, the production rate of this energy in MFC is low.Various methods are used to solve this problem. Such as the use of differentnanoparticles to increase the amount of electricity produced, higher protonconductivity and coulombic efficiency and reduce manufacturing costs comparedto commercial Nafion membrane. Therefore, the main objective of this study isto fabricate and modify an innovative cost-effective proton exchange membraneto improve proton transfer, increase  power generation and coulombic efficiency. Therefore, in this study, EP-PWA/SPESnanocomposite membranes were synthesized and characterized by loading differentpercentages (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5 wt.%) of new EP-PWA nanoparticles. EDAX,MAP, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and CA analysis were performed to investigate theperformance of nanoparticles o  synthesized membranes with different percentages. The results showedthat EP-PWA nanoparticle has a very good perfprmance. The performance of themembranes made in MFC was evaluated in terms of power density, COD removal,water absorption and coulombic efficiency. The Experimental results showed thatSPES membrane with 0.5 wt.% of   EP-PWA nanoparticlewas selected as the optimal membrane and showed the maximum power density, CODremoval, water absorption and coulombic efficiency of 107.69 mW.m2,90.79%, 79.85%, 65.18% respectively. The observed properties indicated higherpower density, water absorption and coulombic efficiency and lower oxygenpermeability in the synthesized membranes compared to the commercial Nafion 117membrane. The obtained results showed that the optimal membrane M3(EP-PWA/SPES 0.5 wt.%) due to the increase in the efficiency of the system andthe significant reduction in construction costs, has the potential tosignificantly   improve the productivity of microbial fuelcell (MFC).     

Diethanol ammonium formate as a base Bronsted chemoselctive ionic liquid was synthesized as follows. Dropwise addition of formic acid was done in ice cold diethanol amine. Ice bath was removed once the addition was completed after 45 min and the ionic liquid was obtained after 24 h with excellent yields. Diethanol ammonium formate as a chemoselective Bronsted basic ionic liquid catalyst reported for the Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes with malononitrile to synthesis of arylidene malononitrile derivatives. This ionic liquid has advantages such as high stability, low cost raw materials, air insensitivity and mild reaction conditions. A variety of 2-substituted perimidine derivatives obtained from the reaction of naphthalene 1,8-diamine with aryl aldehydes in the presence of dimethyl ammonium formate at room temperature. High to excellent yield of products, short reaction times and low cost are some of the significant advantages of this method.

In this thesis, the possibility of using three differentMagnetic nanocomposites to preparation adsorbents for removal of organic and inorganic contaminants from water hasbeen investigated. In the first work,magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4/rGO/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2) including of graphene oxide (GO), layered double hydroxide (LDH),magnetite (Fe3O4), and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) were prepared viaa hydrothermal process and effectively applied for the removal of metal Hg2+ions from aqueous solutions. The synthesized nanocomposites were characterizedby Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman,scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET. Results showedthat the MoS2 layers had been successfully grown on the surface of LDH and rGO layers. All measurements were performed by electrothermal atomicabsorption spectroscopy (EAAS). Differentfactors (the pH, adsorbent dosage,initial concentration) affecting the removal process were studied. The adsorptionkinetic curves for Hg2+ ions fitted well with the pseudo-secondorder model. The adsorption isotherms were well described using Langmuirisotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qm)for Fe3O4/rGO/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2 were calculated to be 544, and 289 (mg.g-1) respectively.In the second work, magnetic nanocomposites (Fe3O4/LDH/MoS2and Fe3O4/LDH) were prepared by ahydrothermal method and characterized using different tools such as SEM, XRD, FTIR and BET. Then, they were appliedfor removal of bisphenol A(BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP),estrone (E1) and 17?-estradiol (E2) as examples of organic analytes. All measurements were performed by high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC). Some parameters influencing the removal such as pH, dosage of adsorbent and initial concentration of organic analytes were optimized. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models werewell-fitted with the experimental adsorption data.  

In this study, solvent-solute interactions in aqueous ternary systems (L-serine + water + galactose) and (L-serine + water + xylose) have been investigated. In order to study these interactions, measurements of the density of solutions containing these components at different concentrations have been used. Using the measured densities, volumetric properties such as apparent molar volume, apparent molar volume at infinite dilution, apparent molar volume of transfer and expandability were obtained. The Redlich-Meyer equation is used to calculate the apparent molar volume at infinite dilution. The results show that the amount of apparent molar volume increases with increasing temperature and concentration of the studied amino acid, while it decreases with increasing concentration of sugars studied. In both ternary solutions, hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions predominate, and both systems are structural.   

Chapter 1: In this chapter, we briefly review direct methanol fuel cells and the most effective anode catalysts for methanol oxidation. Chapter 2: The lack of low-cost, environmental friendly and efficient electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in DMFCs has restricted its industrialization; thus, the suggestion of a suitable electrocatalyst can be helpful to solve this problem. Herein microsphere-like the flower of undoped CuS and doped with different percentages of nickel was examined as electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation in alkaline media. The obtained results from different electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry showed that the secondary metal doping (in here Nickel), has an egregious effect in electrocatalytic activity improvement. In comparison with undoped CuS and other percentages doped of nickel in CuS (3, 10%), the oxidation current density of methanol was increased on 5% Ni-doped CuS (j~ 140mAcm-2 in 1M methanol); in addition, the electrocatalyst with this percent of nickel (5%) was indicated the lower onset potential than the other electrocatalysts. The good current density and also, the excellent stability (during 6000s) of this electrocatalyst made us to further its investigation toward methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Chapter 3: A composed structure of MnO2 and (Ni-Cu) sulfide nanospheres as an efficient electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction in alkaline media (0.5M KOH) is suggested here. A simple hydrothermal method was used for the preparation of both (Ni-Cu) sulfide and (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 electrocatalysts. The final electrocatalyst ((Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2) was investigated by different methods, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The electrocatalytic behavior of (Ni-Cu) sulfide nanospheres and (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 composite toward MOR was examined by different electrochemical measurements including cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance Spectroscopy, and chronoamperometry. The outcome indicated that the (Ni-Cu) sulfide/MnO2 composite relative to (Ni-Cu) sulfide had lower onset potential toward MOR ,and it showed the higher stability (for 6000s). The MnO2 fabrication on bimetal sulfide of (Ni-Cu) is the responsible for enhancement in the electrocatalytic properties of the proposed composite. It seems that the present work has been able to show the performance of MnO2 as a component of a composite in the manufacture of effective catalysts for methanol oxidation.  

During the last century, a huge amount of wastewater wasdischarged into rivers, lakes and coastal areas. Given the existing challenges,applicable technologies such as microbial fuel cell (MFC) is commonly employed totreat wastewater. However, this technology suffers from the high cost andlow proton exchange capacity related to the usage of Nafion membranes. Consideringthese shortcomings, the main aim of this study is to fabricate and modify aninnovative proton exchange membrane for improving transfer of proton,increasing power generation and coulombic efficiency. There are numerous methods for proton exchange membranemodification. One of them is doping nanoparticles. In this study, the novel Pu-HPCPnanoparticle and Pu-HPCP/SPES nanocomposite membranes with various loading ofthe referred nanoparticle (0.1, 0.3, 0.7, 1,1.5 wt. %) were synthesized andcharacterized. FT-IR, SEM, TGA analysis were done to characterize synthesizednanoparticle. The results showed that the Pu-HPCP nanoparticle had good thermalstability and asymmetric structure. The performance of the fabricated membraneswas investigated in the MFC as power generation and coulombic efficiency. Theexperimental results demonstrated that, the SPES membrane with 1 wt.% ofPu-HPCP nanoparticle had the maximum power generation and coulombic efficiencyof 35 mW.m-2 and 69%, respectively. The observed properties of lowbiofouling, low oxygen permeability, high power generation, high COD removaland coulombic efficiency (CE) indicated that the 1wt.% Pu-HPCP/SPES membranehas potential to improve significantly the productivity of MFCs.  

An efficient supported ionic liquid catalyst is designed for the condensation reaction of aldehydes and dimedone. The Zr-based metal-organic framework (MOF), UiO-66-NH2, was initially functionalized with 1-(4-bromobutyl)-1H-imidazole and then 1,4-butane sultone to form a supported ionic-liquid (SIL). Next, HSO4– was exchanged with tetrafluoroborate, the catalyst exhibits excellent performance for the synthesis of derivative xanthenes. The UiO-66-NH2-ILBF4–-SO3H showed a synergistic effect on the efficiency of the reaction. The supported catalyst system was recycled simply by filtration and reused five times without a significant decrease in its activity. The catalyst was characterized with PXRD, FTIR, TGA, BET, FE-SEM, EDS, and elemental mapping.   

Crude oil is a valuable and essential material for human life; Both in terms of energy supply and production of raw materials required by industry. But like everything else, in addition to the many benefits, it has many disadvantages that can seriously endanger the life of living organisms, especially aquatic organisms. By the entry of crude oil into the water during exploration, extraction or displacement operatio   Due to the partial dissolution, it can remain as a layer on the surface of the water or become emulsion due to environmental forces such as tides or waves. In this research, we have tried to break the crude oil emulsion in water and remove the crude oil from the environment by adsorption by magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles coated with fatty acids and surfactants. FT-IR, TEM, SEM, TGA, VSM, EDS and XRD devices were used to identify nanoparticles and their physical, chemical and morphological properties, and a UV-Vis spectrophotometer was used to determine the amount of crude oil adsorption by nanoparticles. The highest adsorption was recorded for iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyoxyethylene with 98.03%. Some of these nanoparticles were also used in the demulsification of water and Ligroin emulsions. Again, iron oxide nanoparticles coated with polyoxyethylene had the highest adsorption with 92.31%. Keywords: Magnetic nanoparticles, Iron oxide nanoparticles, Fe3O4, Demulsification, Water and crude oil emulsion, Fatty acid, Surfactant   

In recent years, water scarcity has posed significant challenges to oil refineries. The escalating water demands of developing oil refineries in pace with the progressively stringent environmental, economic, and technical regulatory and suitability constraints necessitate seeking sustainable water and wastewater management strategies that encourage minimizing fresh water consumption through treated wastewater reuse. Thus, the main scope of the present study is to investigate a general procedure using innovative post treatment technologies in order to attain an almost zero discharge water management in real life - Kermanshah's oil refinery case study. The results obtained are proofs enough that the selected post treatment scenario can effectively minimize the overall fresh water demand. the selected post treatment scenario involving hybrid membrane technology (UF + RO) could result in overall fresh water savings of approximately 70% and 50%, respectively in summer and winter times of the year, proving the benefit of water management optimization

  درابتدا، نتايج بدست آمده براي سنتز بي آريل­ها توسطكاتاليزور مغناطيسي كيتوزان-تاينيل ايمين پالاديم(II)  متخلخل را گزارش كرديم (MPCS-TI/Pd). اين كاتاليزور ناهمگن به­طور كارآمد در واكنش جفت شدن سوزوكي-ميائورااز آريل بورونيك اسيدها و آريل هاليدهاي مختلف بكار برده شد. كاتاليزور به راحتيتوسط يك آهنرباي خارجي از محيط واكنش خارج شد و بدون از دست دادن قابل توجهي درفعاليت كاتاليزوري   5 بار مورد استفادهاستفاده مجدد قرار گرفت.

A fast, sensitive, and simple method using magnetic nanoparticles (M  ) coated by tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS) and modified with 1,1-Dimethylbiguanide(Metformin), as an adsorbent has been successfully developed for removal of trace amounts of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ from distilled water. In first work, we has been synthesized a new magnetic nanoadsorbent by the covalent immobilization of metformin on the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles. Size, structure and magnetic property of the prepared magnetic nanoparticles (M  ) were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM). The ability of the prepared M   for removing heavy metals ions (Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+) from distilled water was studied. The effects of different affecting parameters on the adsorption characteristics of the modified M   were investigated. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ by metformin functionalized magnetic nanoparticle followed pseudo-second-order model, suggesting a chemisorption process. The adsorption processes fit the Langmuir isotherms well with the maximum adsorption capacities of Pb2+, Cd2+ and Zn2+ onto the modified M   were found to be 5.76, 5.47, and 5.06 mg. g?1, respectively. Excellent adsorption capacity of the modified nanoadsorbent together with other advantages such as reusability, easy separation by an external magnetic field, make it suitable adsorbent for removal of heavy metal ions.   In second work, thiol functionalized magnetic nanoparticles were prepared for the removal of ultra-trace amount of Hg2+ from aqueous samples. The modification of Fe3O4@SiO2 was done by the 3-(Trimethoxysilyl)-1-propantiol to prepare Fe3O4@SiO2–Si-(CH2)3-SH nanoparticles. The morphology of this nanoparticle was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and FT-IR. The adsorption of Hg2+ ions was examined by batch equilibrium technique. The effect of initial Hg2+ concentration, pH value, eluent concentration and volume, contact time, and coexisting ions on the efficiency of Hg2+ removal have been investigated. The mercury analysis was performed by continuous-flow cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CV-AAS). Each parameter affecting the extraction and removal processes was carried out. The optimum conditions were found to be 55 mg of sorbent, pH of 6.5, 12 min for adsorption time and 10 mL of HCl (0.1 mol L?1)/thiourea (2% w/v) for the desorption of mercury from loaded M  .

  AbstractThe synthesis of molecular imprinted polymer nanostructures (MIP/  ), based on magnetic core-shells gives access to intelligent nanocarriers for drug delivery with two obvious features of controlled release and targeted delivery by using external magnetic field. This study describes a rational design for the choosing the functional monomer and cross-linker in order to develop a targeted delivery system for Zidovudine (AZT). Two functional monomers methacrylic acid (MAA) and itaconic acid, and two cross-linkers Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) were investigated. The imprinting factor for all polymers were calculated according to the adsorption experiment. Regarding the results of polymers imprinting factors, itaconic acid and Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were chosen. By using core-shell technology, the resulting polymer was synthesized on the surface of magnetic core. Demonstrated, the resultant magnetic polymer had a highest imprinting factor (I = 4.57) compared to other designed polymers (compared to the polymer without magnetic core (I = 2.52)). Afterwards the performance of magnetic-MIP and MIP nanoparticles was tested as anticancer carrier, and the results of various in-vitro experiment were studied. The percentage of cell cytotoxicity for cancer cells increased from 14% for pure drug to 74% for MIP and 91% for magnetic MIP Nano-particle, However, no significant changes was observed in cell cytotoxicity on normal cells.

  Nizatidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Nizatidine by decreasing the amount of stomach acid production, commonly used in treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disease(GERD) and peptic ulcer disease (PUD).In this study the nizatidine tautomer’s stability, structural data, HOMO and LUMO orbitals (energies and shapes), ?EHOMO-LUMO gaps, UV data and graphs, dipole moments, Mulliken charges, thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities in aqueous media as a biological solvent and some of the different media (vacuum, Et-OH, DMSO) were investigated for the tautomers of nizatidine by density functional theory (DFT)-B3LYP/631-G** method. The results presented that the probability of the compatibility and adaptability of which tautomer (T1-T3) are better than the other tautomer for adapted interaction with the H2-receptor pattern and structural map.

  Application of FM  -TA-SO3H as an Efficient Heterogeneous Acidic Nanocatalyst for the Synthesis of Tetrazole and Xanthene Derivatives

  Density for binary solutions Benzel alchol, 1,3-Di chloro-2-propanol and Diethylene glycole-Dimethyl ether with a their of solutions in a fixed   ressure and temperature ranging from   293.15 to 313.15 K.The additional Excess molar volume, partial molar volume and excess partial molar volume of each of the systems were also measured using density data. The equation used to calculate the values listed is the equation of Redlich-Kyster. The particular molar volume at infinite dilution, excess amounts, as well as the apparent molar volumes of the components was evaluated. Two other parameters in this study were measured are coefficient of thermal pressure and expansion coefficients of thermal pressure. The results showed that excess molar volume for binary solutions Benzyl alcohol+1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol are positive and negative for other systems.

In this research project, First, the Li/CaO nano-catalyst was synthesized using microemulsion method. In the next stage, the Li/CaO nano-catalyst was used in the transesterification reaction to production of biodiesel. Different variables influenced both the transesterification reaction and the performance of Li/CaO nano-catalyst. The results of the optimization of variables include the following:  Calcination temperature of catalyst: 600?C - calcination time: 3 hours - the weight percent of the active phase to the base: 40% - reaction temperature: 65 ?C - reaction time: 4 hours - molar ratio of alcohol to oil: 12: 1 - the weight percent of catalyst to oil: 4%.  At the end of the optimization, the efficiency of the biodiesel production, using the transesterification reaction and in the presence of the Li/CaO nano-catalyst, reached   99 %. The next objective of the project was to characterization the Li/CaO nano-catalyst using different techniques such as XRD, SEM and BET. The XRD method showed that the Li/CaO catalyst included three compounds of CaO and Ca(OH)2, each having cubic crystalline phase. Likewise, the size of the synthesized nanoparticles was in the range of 20-50 nm. The BET method made possible the interpretation of the Ce-Ba/CaO nano-catalyst performance in the transesterification reaction based on the surface area, pore volume, and the diameter of the nano-catalyst.Another objective of the project was to investigate the thermodynamics and kinetics of the transesterification reaction in the presence of the Li/CaO nanocatalyst. First, the changes in the thermodynamics functions were measured under standard conditions, namely ?rH? and ?rS? based on the governing chemical-physical relationshi   the obtained values ??are ?rH? = 329/32 kJ/mol and ?rS?= 1/038 kJ/mol.k. In the next step, the transesterification reaction kinetics was studied. The aim was to determine the rate equation of the transesterification reaction and measure the kinetic variables such as the activation energy and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor. The results indicated that the rule of the transesterification reaction rate was r = k [TG] [MeOH], which is a pseudo-second order equation. The obtained values for the activation energy and the Arrhenius pre-exponential factor ??were Ea = 123/42 kJ/mol and A = 4/ 97 × 1014 mol/lit.s.