Ezat Rafeei

   The synthesis, characterization and evaluation of iron(II) gluconate complex as a biodegradable chelating agent were systematically investigated for potential agricultural applications. Iron(II) gluconate was synthesized via the controlled reaction of ferrous sulfate with sodium gluconate under optimal pH and temperature conditions to ensure high purity and stability of the resulting complex. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analyses confirmed the coordination of the gluconate ligand to the iron ions through the oxygen donor atoms of the hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. In addition, spectrophotometric analysis was used to detect the complex formation and confirmed the interaction between iron ions and gluconate ligands. Atomic absorption spectroscopy provided quantitative confirmation of the iron incorporation in the complex matrix. Experimental results showed that iron(II) gluconate exhibits a stable coordination structure with remarkable solubility and chelation efficiency, comparable to synthetic agents such as EDTA, but with the significant advantage of biodegradability and environmental safety. Consequently, the synthesized iron(II) gluconate complex can be considered as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional synthetic chelates and provide an effective tool for enhancing iron uptake in plants and promoting sustainable agricultural practices in line with environmental protection.

   In this study, the synthesis of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid (EDTMP) chelate was investigated. Due to its unique properties, including the ability to form stable complexes with metal ions, this compound finds applications in various industries, particularly in agriculture.   The research evaluates the synthesis method of ethylenediamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid and examines the effects of reaction factors such as reaction time and precursor concentration on synthesis efficiency. Additionally, the structural and chemical characteristics of the final product have been analysed using spectroscopic technique FT-IR and UV-VIS.  

In this study, the adsorption–desorption behavior of the metal–organic frameworK MIL-101(Cr) and its ionic liquid-modified samples was analytically investigated. >  

  Abstract: This study investigates the enhancement ofpiezoelectric performance of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers with reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/polyoxometalate (POM) nanofillers. Synthesis of nanofibers by electrospinning technique led to alignment of molecular dipoles in nanofibers and supported polarization and stretching. Designed nanofibers was fully characterized and piezoelectric properties were measured and confirmed by a piezo tester device. The open-circuit voltage (VOC) of the fabricated PENG was measured and results showed that PENG fabricated by PVDF-RGO-[(tert-Bu)4N]4PCoW11O39 (P-R-CoW) nanofiber, with a 1 wt % of CoW and 0.2 wt% of RGO with an VOC of 6.75 ± 0.1 V revealed the best electrical performance. Using an electric circuit, capacitors of 1, 2.2, 4.7 and 10 ?F were charged to 5.13, 1.77, 1.12 and 0.73 V respectively in 80 s. The maximum power density of 0.012 Wcm?2 was obtained in the resistor 103. The PENG was stable in long-term cycles without significant decreasing in VOC. The output power of PENG turn on four commercial LEDs with 1.8 V and also a 5 V buzzer sounds. Piezoelectric energy generation from target PENG, could monitor simple human movements. For wrist and elbow at angles of 30, 60, 90?, and VOC

Due to pollution caused by the consumption of fossil fuels, the use of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) for the construction of self-powered sensors to supply energy for nanoelectronics and wearabledevices through harvesting mechanical energy from the environment, has becomesignificant. In this work, we propose a method for designing a flexible PENG using electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers. These nanofibers are infused with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and heteropoly acids (HPAs) containing molybdenum and vanadium in different ratios (H3PMo12?nVnO40,where n = 0, 2, 3, 4). The incorporation of RGO into the composite material aims to form conductive networks and enhance its electrical conductivity, while the specific of HPAs, which includes redox activation centers and high charge transfer capabilities, contribute to increased electronic polarization, and charge storage. The nanofiber composites were characterized using SEM-EDX, ATR-FTIR, DSC, EIS and, XRD to study their morphology, structure, and thermal properties.The measurement of the piezoelectric property was confirmed using a piezotester device. The results showed that reducing the vanadium content in HPA and increasing the molybdenum content led to an improvement in the piezoelectric properties. Furthermore, the PENG containing PVDF-RGO-H3PMo12O40 with 1.5 wt% of H3PMo12O40 demonstrated better electrical performance, with an output voltage of 7.80 V and a maximum power density of 20.80 ?Wcm-² at 105 W, with a resistance change from 102 to 107 W. This device also showed promising potential for monitoring body movements and distinguishing between different fingers.

  In chapter 1, the growing consumption of conventional fossil fuels and accompanying environmental contamination are affecting global society on an unprecedented scale. Consequently, thereis a quite imminent need to fundamentally adjust the world energy landscape and build clean, low-carbon, safe, and efficient modern energy systems. As an ideal clean chemical fuel with superb gravimetric energy density and energy conversion efficiency, hydrogen energy is expected to be an excellent candidate to replace traditional fossil fuels. Electrochemical water splitting is considered to-be one of the most promising hydrogen production technologies, and it can utilize electricity generated via renewable energy sources, such as solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, and bioenergy, to form a closed loop of renewable energy. Unfortunately, the large-scale commercial application of electrochemical water splitting is subject to the following three restrictions: (i) a larger overpotential than the theoretical value (1.23 V) needed to drive overall water splitting; (ii) the poor stability of electrode materials; and (iii) high cost caused by the scarcity of noble-metal electrocatalysts. To date, the benchmark electro catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are Pt-group- and Ru/Ir-based noble metal materials with small overpotentials and low Tafel slopes. These noble metals can suffer from dissolution, agglomeration, and poor durability during the water splitting process. The design of electrocatalysts with high electrocatalytic activity is of great importance to reduce the overpotential and improve the efficiency of water decomposition.   

  AbstractCurrently,fossil fuel are the main source of energy supply in the world. But due to theincreasing need for energy and the limitation of fossil resources and the environmental pollution, caused by burning them,the desire to use clean energy, such as solar, wind, geothermal, hydrogen andbiomass energy instead of fossil fuels, has increased. Biomass is the fourthlargest source of energy in the world and supplies about 14% of the world'senergy, and the production of energy from these renewable materials reduces theemission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is alsobio- electrochemical system (BES) which, in addition to generating electricity,also treats wastewater. Of course, electricity generation is the most importantapplication of MFC. But, the production rate of this energy in MFC is low.Various methods are used to solve this problem. Such as the use of differentnanoparticles to increase the amount of electricity produced, higher protonconductivity and coulombic efficiency and reduce manufacturing costs comparedto commercial Nafion membrane. Therefore, the main objective of this study isto fabricate and modify an innovative cost-effective proton exchange membraneto improve proton transfer, increase  power generation and coulombic efficiency. Therefore, in this study, EP-PWA/SPESnanocomposite membranes were synthesized and characterized by loading differentpercentages (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, 1.5 wt.%) of new EP-PWA nanoparticles. EDAX,MAP, FT-IR, SEM, XRD and CA analysis were performed to investigate theperformance of nanoparticles o  synthesized membranes with different percentages. The results showedthat EP-PWA nanoparticle has a very good perfprmance. The performance of themembranes made in MFC was evaluated in terms of power density, COD removal,water absorption and coulombic efficiency. The Experimental results showed thatSPES membrane with 0.5 wt.% of   EP-PWA nanoparticlewas selected as the optimal membrane and showed the maximum power density, CODremoval, water absorption and coulombic efficiency of 107.69 mW.m2,90.79%, 79.85%, 65.18% respectively. The observed properties indicated higherpower density, water absorption and coulombic efficiency and lower oxygenpermeability in the synthesized membranes compared to the commercial Nafion 117membrane. The obtained results showed that the optimal membrane M3(EP-PWA/SPES 0.5 wt.%) due to the increase in the efficiency of the system andthe significant reduction in construction costs, has the potential tosignificantly   improve the productivity of microbial fuelcell (MFC).     

  Abstract  Breast cancer is one of the most serious threats to women's health. Currently, conventional treatment methods for cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, often prove to be less suitable due to the side effects they induce in tissues and other organs, making them less effective. In recent years, the utilization of nanotechnology has paved the way for the design and synthesis of various nanocarriers that can specifically deliver therapeutic agents to tumor cells. Biopolymer-based nanocarriers, including protein-based nanocarriers, have gained significant attention in research due to their low toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and ability to modify their structures. Sericin, one of the major proteins in silk, consisting of 18 amino acids, possesses high biodegradability, non-toxicity to normal cells, and also exhibits a pH-charge reversal characteristic, resulting in the increased release of the therapeutic agent in the tumor microenvironment. The anti-solvent precipitation (Asp) method will be employed to prepare the sericin-based protein nanocarrier. In this method, sericin protein is initially dissolved in an organic solvent, and by slowly adding it to a non-solvent, sericin molecules undergo self-assembly to form nanocarriers. This study aims to utilize sericin silk protein-based nanocarriers for encapsulating the anticancer drug cisplatin. It is well-established that cisplatin exerts its cytotoxic properties by binding to nuclear DNA and interfering with DNA replication and transcription mechanisms. In a slightly acidic tumor condition, the surface charge of sericin undergoes a pH-driven conversion from negative to positive, demonstrating that pH can regulate surface charge. The positively charged nanocarriers in the acidic tumor environment, facilitate enhanced interaction with tumor cells due to the charge attraction between the positively charged nanocarrier and the negatively charged surface of the cancer cells.

In this study, different mixed metal oxides, ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4,with different values of x and y were synthesized by co-precipitation methodfrom chloride salts of iron, zinc, and magnesium. The synthesized samples werecharacterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible diffusereflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). Coating of ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4-alkyd-basedformulations on mild steel substrates were used for corrosion analysis in 3.5w.t.% of NaCl solution. The surface response method study model(RSM) were used to optimize the coating effect on the corrosion rate. Also, theCCD design model, central composite design, was used and each factor wasexamined at 5 levels. The results showed that ZnxMgyFe(3-x-y)O4mixed metal oxides will be considered as anticorrosionadditives in protecting metal substrates. Key words: Corrosion, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, design of experiments,mixed metal oxides.  

   AbstractIn wastewater treatment, a variety of efficient issues such as theeco-friendly and cost-effective nanomaterials have been developed to have theunique functionalities for the potential decontamination of industrial effluents,surface water, ground water and drinking water. Amongorganic contaminants, the dyes are considered to be the serious pollutants dueto their toxicity. Conventional water treatment processes are very diverse andinclude physical decolorization techniques (such as, sedimentation, filtration,adsorption, and reverse osmosis), chemical decolorization techniques (such as,neutralization, recovery, chemical oxidation and ion exchange methods), andbiological decolorization techniques.Among the various kind of photocatalytic semiconductors, the metaltungstates have grabbed the considerable attention. In this research, the binary nanocomposite of cobalttungstate/reduced graphene oxide hasbeen synthesized by the hydrothermal method. One of the problems that limited the use of thesenanoparticles in the photocatalyst process is the rapid recombination ofelectrons and hole. Therefore, present research has focused on the modification of cobalt tungstate/reduced graphene oxideby adding nickelhydroxide. The results showed that the structure of the Co/Ni/RGO had asuitable photocatalytic activity in the destruction of the direct red 16(DR16). The maximum photodegradation efficiency of DR16 were obtained at concentration of 5 ppm, pH of solution,catalyst loading 2 g/L and irradiationtime 60 minutesconditions.   The catalyst was foundto be reusable, even after several runs and its catalytic activity was almostthe same as that of freshly used catalyst. The amount of the recovered catalyst(wt.%) was measured after each run. The results showed that weight losses ofthe catalyst during the operation was negligible. The synthesized photocatalystwas characterized by using the Fourier transform infrared, scanning electronmicroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electronmicroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscop, electron dispersive X-ray, diffuse reflectance spectra, andphotoluminescence.

  In thisdissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods. In this dissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods. In this dissertation, we synthesize a number of anti-corrosion composites using bentonite, which is a natural clay with a soft texture and is capable of exchanging cations, as well as cerium phosphate, which has an inhibitory role. We use scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and induced plasma optical emission spectroscopy to describe the fabricated specimens and analyze them. Also, the anti-corrosion performance of the samples has been proven by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and salt mist testing, and the results show that increasing this composite to epoxy coating has significantly increased the corrosion resistance of the coating, which is better than epoxy coatings. As a result, new, inexpensive pigments with special applications were synthesized on a laboratory scale using simple and efficient methods.

Design and preparation of a novel photocatalyst, based on polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) was reported. To investigate the straightforward preparation of PMHS-PEG-xT-PW, different characterization methods including FTIR, XRD, FESEM, UV-Vis DRS, EDX, PL, and EIS were utilized. The prepared photocatalyst was used for the photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamin B (RhB) under incident visible light irradiation and also efficiency of the catalyst was examined under sun light irradiation. To study the efficiency of this research for the photodegradation of RhB, the effect of different crucial parameters such as time of illumination, catalyst loading, RhB concentration, pH of the solution, reusability function of the catalyst and scavenger experiments were checked. Trapping tests showed that the photogenerated O2•- and 1O2 are the main active species involved in the photocatalytic process. Photoactivity of glass coated PMHS-PEG-xT-PW were also investigated in photodegradation of the RhB which showed about 90% dye removal after 4 h. Thus introduced photocatalyst showed excellent activity in suspension and fix bed reactor. This inorganic based polymer can not only extend the absorption wavelength range of TiO2 but also consequently increase life-time of excited electron and hole with an appropriate viscosity for casting, which improve the photocatalytic efficiency of the photocatalyst in fix bed reactor too. Stability and reproducibility of coated film were also evaluated. The charge transfer resistance was also decreased compare with bare TiO2 which was proved by Nyquist and Bode plots.

  AbstractThe leading purpose of thisdissertation is flux increment and foulingdiminution of the PES nanofiltration membranes using diazonium chemistry. Inpart one, diazonium-induced grafting was applied to in situ surfacefunctionalization of PES membrane through covalent attachment of anilineoligomers. The process involves gradual reduction of oligomer diazonium saltswhich yields a superhydrophilic layer of branched aniline oligomers (BAO)grafted on membrane surface. Oligomeric modified membrane was indicated greatperformance of high water permeation flux (93.6 kg/m2.h), as well ashigh FRR (99%) and low Rir (0.9) after fouling with powder milk protein for 90min. BAO modified membrane exhibited exceptional super hydrophilicitywettability with a surprising water contact angle of 0 ?. Roughness parameters inthe modified membrane significantly alleviated, that was demonstrative thesmooth surface in the BAO modified membrane.In part two, we quantified the effect of radically andcoupling treatment on the performance and structure of nascent PES nanofiltration membrane with utilization of4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone as precursor starting for diazonium-inducedgrafting. Different functional groups were introducedto the surface of radically and coupling modified membranes via aryldiazoniummethodology. Both of treatments depicts improvement of membrane performance interms of permeability and antifouling capability but, Procurable results ofcoupling treatment are more successful than radically treatment. The couplingtreatment causes that, the permeation flux of coupling modified membrane 3.85times was improved compared to nascent PESnanofiltration membrane. Evaluation of the interactions of membranes surface with powdermilk protein for characterization of fouling resistance was accomplished usingof dead-end filtration system, that the coupling modified membrane indicated high efficiency in antifoulingcapability against protein (FRR=91.35%, Rr=77.56, Rir=8.64).Cross-flow filtration system was used to evaluation stability ofcoupling modified membrane for long time (16h). This test showed almost steadyflux for prolong time of 16h (9.70% flux reduction), that these results wasexhibition of fantastic antifouling performance of the coupling modifiedmembrane.   In part three, firstly couplingmodified PES (CPES) was synthesized by efficient coupling methodology using4,4-diaminodiphenyl sulfone as precursor starting. Then, the CPES/PES blendmembranes were produced at five various compositions via the >In part four, firstly aniline modified PES (APES) was prepared bychemical reduction of aryldiazonium salts using atmospheric oxidized dark brown aniline as precursor starting. Subsequently, in order to obtain appropriate APEScontent, the APES/PES blend membranes were fabricated at three differentcompositions by phase-inversion procedure. The membranes performanceexperiments revealed, that the incorporation of APES could be impressivelyelevated permeated pure water flux so that, the membrane with 25 Wt.% APESshowed the water permeation flux of 70.6 kg /m2.h(at operational pressure of 3 bar) that higher than nascent PESnanofiltration membrane (17.4kg /m2. h.). Incorporation of 25 wt.% APES was incurthat, the antifouling capability of modified membrane was greatly improvedcompared to original membrane.Part five describes the filtration performance of licoriceaqueous solution by coupling-PES and 25 wt.% APES/PES modified membranes that, wasverified systematically and compared to original NF PES membrane. The efficacyof operational pressure and cross-flow velocity on permeation flux andrejection were evaluated. All experiments were employed in a lab scalecross-flow filtration equipment with effective area of 40 cm2

In this research, a low-cost disposable colorimetric microfluidic paper-based analytical device (?PAD) was developed for determination of nitrite and nitrate species in water. Here we used a novel and cheap technique for fabricating ?PAD by using Whatman filter paper (No. 1). Nitrite was determined directly by the Griess reaction based on reaction of nitrite with a primary aromatic amine (e.g. sulphanilamide) under acidic conditions to form a diazonium salt which further reacts with an aromatic compound containing an amino group (e.g. N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride) to form an intensely colored azo dye. Nitrate could not be detected directly and must be reduced to nitrite first. This reduction step was carried out on a hydrophilic channel of the ?PAD using a reductant. We compared the effect of Z   and ZnMPs as reducing agent and found that Z   was the best reducing agent for reducing nitrate to nitrite on reduction channel of the paper.

Recently, inorganic pigments have become a subject of extensive scientific investigation. In the synthesis of these pigments an optimal, uniform particle size is important because it influences gloss, hiding power, tinting strength, and lightening power. Silica can be easily and controllably made with spherical morphology from the nano- to micrometer size. If the silica spheres are coated with layers of pigments, a kind of composite pigment material with spherical morphology will be obtained, and the size for the pigment particles can be controlled by size of the silica. Furthermore, because silica is cheaper than most pigments, these composite pigments will be cheaper than the pure pigments per unit mass. Organic coatings are employed in order to protect the metal structures against corrosion. The coatings act as physical barrier between the metal surface and the corrosive environment restricting the corrosive species diffusion into the metal surface. However, the electrolyte permeation into the coating matrix causes coating damage and creation of pores. This means that the degraded coating could not provide long term corrosion protection properties. Therefore, different kinds of anticorrosive pigments can be added to the coating matrix to improve its anticorrosion properties. The corrosion protection properties of the pigments depend on the chemical nature, shape and size of the pigments. Silica and silicate materials have also shown to have potentially interesting anti-corrosive properties. Therefore, in this thesis, we used different silica sources, including calcium silicate, rice husk ash, nano silica and aerosil silica and aims to synthesize pigments containing CoWO4 and CoAl2O4 for paints intended for corrosion protection of steel  

in this thesis, density and volumetric properties measuring for systems in the 20 -40 ° C, . Then the systems are simulated. after that dynamic and structural properties calculated. The results were compared with theoretical and practical

   In recent years, considerable attention has been paid in design and synthesis of a class of new crystalline porous materials known as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). These porous materials have great potential for a wide range of applications like separation, ion exchange, conductivity, drug delivery, catalysis, gas storage and selective gas adsorption due to their large surface area, tailored pore volume and designable chemical environment. MOFs are typically constructed by connecting secondary building units (SBUs) consist of metal ions with organic connectors to produce various networks. They are completely regular, have high porosity, highly designable frameworks, and tunable functionalities. The samples were characterized with powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms (BET) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The MOF containing NH2 groups have high capacity for catalytic reaction. In this work, UiO-66-NH2 was used for post-synthesis by melamine and ethylamine to provide higher content of primary amine for Knoevenagel reaction. The modified MOFs were characterized with powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms (BET), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effective parameters in Knoevenagel reaction such as catalyst type and amount, and solvent type were investigated. The modified MOFs exhibited excellent catalyst activities in heterogeneous phase due to their large surface area and porosity, gigh number of active sites (-NH2) on the structures. The catalyst could be recyclable and reusable without losing its framework integrity and catalytic activity.

  In this study the nano-absorbent Ag-Y  zeolite was prepared by addition of  AgNO3  and  ion exchange method.  The prepared of nano-absorbent Ag-Y  zeolite   was calcined at 500 ?C , 120 and heating rate of 5 ?C/min. Characteristic  of  ynthesized nano-absorbent Ag-Y  zeolite were carried out by  (SEM),  (BET), (XRD)  and  (FT-IR).  Then, the prepared nano-absorbent Ag-Y  zeolite was used as an efficient absorbent for the removal of sulfur compounds especially Paratoluene thiol from crude oil.  Various variables effect on the absorption and performance of nano-absorbent Ag-Y  zeolite studies and  optimize  these variable  hy  in order to  find the maximum amount of sulfur compounds removal. The results from this optimizatio  including:  weight of  adsorbent dosage: 3 wt.% based on crude oil,  contact  time:  40  min, room temperature, weight percent of  Ag:  15 wt.% based on Y  zeolite weight.   At end of the optimization, the efficiency of removal of   Paratoluene thiol was   attained to 98.1% by using nano-adsorbent  Ag-Y.  Also the adsorption reactio  and  Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms wa  tudied.   Absorption data is very well fitted to Langmuir isotherm model, and reaction kinetics follows the pseudo second-order kinetics

  In this thesis, two nanocomposites including ccopper phthalocyanine coated with hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were synthesized. These samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Laser Particle Size Analyzer, Photoluminescence(PL), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis Spectroscopy and X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The applications of these composites were investigated in drug delivery systems and water dispersible pigments.

  In this thesis nanocrystalline nanoparticles synthesized based on NaYbF4. Characterization of synthetic samples using Fourier transform infrared transformation techniques (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Braunauer, Emmet, Teller (BET) Analysis Adsorption, inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP-AES), UV-Visible spectroscopy, Laser Particle Size Analyzer Particles have been investigated. The applications of these samples were studied in the fields of drug delivery and degradation of pollutants and dyes

  Abstract   Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) also known as porous coordination polymers (PCPs) have attracted the attention of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists because of interest in the creation of nanometer-sized spaces and the novel phenomena in them. There is also interest in their application in adsorption, separation, catalysis, magnetism, sensing, and drug delivery. MOFs are typically constructed by connecting secondary building units (SBUs) consist of metal ions with organic connectors to produce various networks. They are completely regular, have high porosity, highly designable frameworks, and tunable functionalities. These properties make MOFs suitable for various application especially in trap and adsorption affinities for dangerous material. In this research absorption and desorption of iodine molecules and their structural affects using three Zr-MOFs have studied. Absorption and desorption of these guests in highly stable three-dimensionlal (3D) porous coordination polymers UiO-66 (Zr-bdc=1, 4-benzenedicarboxylate), UiO-66-NH2 (Zr-NH2-bdc=2-amino-benzenedicarboxylic acid) and UiO-66-vac (UiO-66 with defects) was investigated. The samples were characterized with powder x-ray diffraction (PXRD), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms (BET) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The MOF containing NH2 groups have high capacity for iodine capture because of having high porosity, creating charge-transfer complexes between NH2 and I2 molecules. It has also higher iodine adsorption rate more than two other MOFs.The TEM image after iodine incorporated into MOFs has shown some differences on the morphology of particles proving iodine adsorption either on surface or into pores of MOF.The amounts of guest adsorbed into these Zr-MOFs had comparable and the sorption rate, especially for UiO-66-NH2 had higher than those previously reported. In addition, the UiO-66 MOF has shown the lowest amount of iodine sorption which can be reffered to its lower surface area, having no defects in its structure and Shortage of functional groups proportion to Uio-66-NH2.It particularly have demonstrated the quick sorption process of I2 in diluted n-hexane in Zr-based MOFs, and the influence of porosity and functionalization to maximize the loading capacity.AbstractMetal organic frameworks (MOFs) also known as porous coordination polymers (PCPs) have attracted the attention of chemists, physicists, and materials scientists because of interest in the creation of nanometer-sized spaces and the novel phenomena in them. There is also interest in their application in adsorption, separation, catalysis, magnetism, sensing and drug delivery. MOFs are typically constructed by connecting secondary building units (SBUs) consist of metal ions with organic connectors to produce various networks. They are completely regular, have high porosity, highly designable frameworks and tunable functionalities. These properties make MOFs suitable for various application especially in trap and adsorption affinities for dangerous material. In this research absorption and desorption of iodine molecules, their structural affects and kinetic surveys using three Zr-MOFs have studied. Absorption and desorption of these guests in highly stable three-dimensionlal (3D) porous coordination polymers UiO-66, UiO-66-NH2