Isa Arji

   Abstract: Red flesh apple is one of the special and rare fruit trees, which is of interest due to the red color of its flesh, its edible quality and the high amount of antioxidants present in it. Therefore, achieving the optimal and appropriate method for its micropropagation is one of the main goals of tissue culture. In this study, the effect of chitosan and sodium nitroprusside on the micropropagation of red-fleshed apple (Bastam and Bakran) was investigated.In the proliferation stage, the effect of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l), chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) and their interaction in MS base culture medium containing plant growth regulators 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l IBA were investigated. In the regeneration phase of the leaf, the terminal part of the leaf was placed on the MS base culture medium containing the growth regulators TDZ 3.3 mg/l and IBA 0.4 mg/l under dark conditions, and after four weeks the above explants were placed on the MS base medium containing plant growth regulator 1 mg/l BAP and 0.1 mg/l of IBA, in order to investigate the effect of sodium nitroprusside (0, 3 and 5 mg/l) and chitosan (0, 20, 40 and 60 mg/l) concentrations and their interaction. In the rooting stage, the effect of type of medium (1/2 MS solid and 1/2 M   liquid) and the growth regulator concentrations of IBA (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l) were studied. According to the proliferation stage results,   the largest stem diameter (0.17 mm) related to Bastam genotype in culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and the largest leaf length and width (1.74 and 0.97 cm respectively) was observed in Bakran genotype in culture medium containing 20 mg/l chitosan. The highest seedling height (6.26 cm) related to Bastam genotype in the environment without    treatment and the highest number of leaves (16.51), leaf length and width (1.49 and 0.90 cm) related to Bakran genotype on the medium containing 5 mg/l   . In the regeneration test from the leaves of Bastam genotype, the highest percentage of regeneration (30%) and the number of new shoots (5.50) were obtained in the culture medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 3 mg/l   , and the highest new shoot height was related to the medium containing 40 mg/l chitosan and 5 mg/l   . The rooting test showed that the Bakran genotype cultured on medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator produced the highest number of roots (3.17) and Bakran genotype in solid culture medium containing 2 mg/l IBA growth regulator had the longest root length (3.78 cm).The results showed that the highest survival percentage of adapted seedlings was related to Bakran genotype (96%).    Keyword: tissue culture, Red flesh apple, proliferation, micropropagation

   Sugar beet is one of the most suitable plants for sugar production. Sugar beet leaves produce sugar by using sunlight, and these sugars return to the root and are stored there. In general, leaves play the role of a sugar factory. The percentage of beet sugar is very important for both the farmer and the sugar factory, because the price of beet is paid based on this. The purpose of this research was to estimate the amount of sucrose in the sugar beet crop using the image processing method and to determine the best time to harvest the sugar beet crop. For this purpose, data was collected from an area of 1000 square meters of a sugar beet field, one month before the recommended harvest date and one month after that, every other day. Each time, 5 whole sugar beet plants were randomly picked and all the leaves were photographed. In order to estimate the amount of sugar beet and obtain the most suitable harvest time with the image processing method, it is necessary to have a suitable modeling between the harvest index and the harvest time of the product. The most important indicator of sugar beet harvest is sugar grade. For this purpose, using the decision tree method, we tried to select the most effective inputs from the features of the leaves and their images. Then a model was designed to find the maximum sugar level according to the harvest time using the RSM method. The best time to harvest sugar beet with the highest quality sugar was obtained on the 210th day after planting. In the tested area, sugar beet was harvested on the 215th day, which was almost consistent with the modeling calculations by the response surface. To design a decision, it is helpful to be able to inform the farmer of the approximate harvest time, the time elapsed from the day of planting to the harvest of each sample was deducted from the optimal harvest time that has the highest sugar content, and their difference is used as the output of the decision support model. The results of the decision tree showed that the average value of B corresponding to the smallest leaf area, the smallest leaf area value, and the largest leaf area value are suitable inputs for formulating a decision. For the design and modeling of decision support, three methods of response level modeling, Anfis and artificial neural networks were used. The value of R2 in the response surface method, Anfis and neural networks were 0.83, 0.832 and 0.80 respectively, and the Anfis method was selected as the best model with the highest accuracy.

Stonefruit trees are very important in Iran and play an important role in the country's economy. Various pests and diseases reduce the performance of these products. Mediterranean fruit fly with the scientific name Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Dip: Tephritidae) is one of the most damaging pests of kernel trees in the world. o control this pest, the use of chemical methods is not appropriate due to the side effects, and it is necessary to use methods such as mass trapping using traps and different attractants. This study was conducted in 2022 as a complete random block design in a mixed fruit garden (peach, nectarine, plum, apricot, and almond) in the agricultural research center and natural resources of Kermanshah with an area of two hectares. In this study, the performance of several types of attractant compounds (Seratrope, Trimedlor, Biolor, Protein hydrolyzate, Sugar beet molasses, and Ammonium acetate) in attracting Mediterranean fruit fly was investigated using McPhail trap.    software was used to analyze the variance of the data obtained from the study of different Mediterranean fruit fly attractants and the average treatments were compared with the Tukey test at the five percent level. The trend of weekly changes in the mediterranean fruit fly population in different treatments and sampling dates was drawn using Excel software. The results of this research showed that the first female Mediterranean fruit fly was caught on 10 July 2022 and the first male Mediterranean fruit fly was caught on 16 July 2022. The peak population date of this pest was 11 September 2022 with 234 flies. Based on the results of the analysis of variance, there was a significant difference between different attractants in terms of the number of trapped pests (df=4; f=249/97; pvalue<0.01). Baylor treatment attracted the highest average of Mediterranean flies, and Baylor treatment attracted the highest average of Mediterranean flies, and Baylor treatment, Trimedlor®, and Ammonium acetate treatments were placed. In addition, the amount of damage caused to the desired garden was 35%. Baylor and Trimedlor attractants, which had the highest hunting of Mediterranean fruit flies, are recommended to control this pest.      

اين آزمايش به منظور بررسي اثر غلظت و مقادير مختلف محلول‏پاشي دودآب بر روي عملكرد و اجزاي عملكرد و همچنين برخي از عناصر غذايي غده سيب‏زميني در سال زراعي 1399-1400 در مزرعه تحقيقاتي پرديس كشاورزي و منابع طبيعي دانشگاه رازي اجرا شد. آزمايش به صورت فاكتوريل به اضافه شاهد در قالب طرح بلوك‏هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار اجرا شد. تيمارهاي آزمايش شامل مقادير مختلف دودآب (1 ،5/1و 2 ليتر در هكتار) و دفعات محلول‏پاشي دود‏آب (1، 2 و 3 بار) و تيمار شاهد بودند. نتايج نشان داد اثر تيمار غلظت محلول‏پاشي بر صفات چگالي غده، تعداد غده در يك بوته، عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده هوايي، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر تيمار تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده ، ميزان نيتروژن، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. اثر متقابل غلظت و تعداد محلول‏پاشي نيز بر صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، پتاسيم، آهن، روي و منيزيم غده در سطح احتمال يك درصد معني‏دار گرديد. همچنين اثر تيمار در مقابل شاهد براي صفات عملكرد تك بوته، عملكرد غده در واحد سطح، وزن زيست توده، فسفر، آهن و روي غده معني دار گرديد. نتايج مقايسه ميانگين‏ها نشان داد بالاترين چگالي غده به ميزان 987/0 گرم بر سانتي‏متر مكعب مربوط به سطح محلول‏پاشي دودآب 5/37 سي‏سي بود.

  itter melon or Carla, scientifically known as Momordica charantia, is a tropical and subtropical squash family that is grown entirely as a plant in Asia, Africa and South America for its fruits. Due to the high medicinal value, low level of processing in the country, high price of the product and the amount of demand, Carla is considered a medicinal plant and the production of this product as a crop can play an important role in the country's economy. In order to investigate the effect of different levels of urea and poultry manure and two different cultivation methods on yield, harvest index, dry matter and yield components of Carla, an experiment in the form of a random split plot in the research farm of Razi University of Kermanshah in spring . 1400 were executed. In this experiment, the main plots include the type and composition of urea and poultry manure in 5 levels (100% urea), (75% urea + 25% poultry), (50% poultry + 50% urea), (25% urea + 75% poultry) , (100% poultry) and sub-plot included two types of scaffolding and plume cultivation methods, type strip irrigation system was used in this study. In this study, fruit fresh weight, fruit dry weight, fruit length, fruit diameter, plant height, plant dry weight and indices were measured. The results showed that the effect of poultry manure level and the effect of cultivation method on most of the measured parameters were significant. Increased performance in Carla. Among the cultivation methods, the highest yield was obtained in the Cretan cultivation pattern. The interaction of cultivation pattern and fertilizer level was also insignificant in most traits. According to the test results, the use of poultry manure and scaffolding cultivation method is recommended for Carla cultivation. Keywords: Bitter melon, Cretan cultivation, Scaffold cultivation, Carla, Nitrogen

   Vegetables and summer vegetables play an important role in human health due to their high fiber and antioxidant properties. Green cucumber is one of the oldest cultivated vegetables and has a known history of more than five thousand years. Green cucumber with the scientific name of Cucumis Sativus belongs to the squash family Cucurbiteacae, which is one of the most important plant families and includes 90 genera and 750 species. Researchers have concluded that the use of urea fertilizer will increase the yield of vegetables, which has led to the indiscriminate use of urea fertilizer by farmers. The use of urea fertilizer on farms should be controlled because excessive use will not only increase yield but also cause nitrate accumulation. Due to the fact that vegetables and summer vegetables have the ability to absorb and retain large amounts of nitrite and nitrate, so the consumption of such products by humans can endanger health. For this purpose, criteria have been considered that label products with authorized consumption of pesticides and chemical fertilizers as a healthy product. Detection of urea fertilizer overdose in farms is done using existing technologies such as chromatography (GC) or spectrometer gas chromatography (GC / MS) which is very costly and time consuming and requires specialized users. has it. Therefore, it is necessary to look for an easy and low-cost solution that can perform the test in the shortest time. In this study, five levels of urea fertilizer in cucumber were classified using electronic nasal method and chemical analysis and by chemometric methods. Urea fertilizer levels were zero, 100, 200, 300 and 400 kg / ha. In each urea fertilizer level, two harvests were performed at intervals of four and five months after sowing. Electronic nose technology is a modern and advanced technology that has many applications in the agricultural industry. In this study, an olfactory machine with eight metal oxide semiconductor sensors was used to detect the amount of urea fertilizer used in green cucumber cultivation, and Kojeldal was used to measure phosphorus by spectroscopy, flame diffusion potassium and nitrogen. Odor machine data were analyzed and classified by ANN, SVM, LDA and QDA methods and chemical analysis by PCR, PLS and MLR methods.

  مطالعه حاضر با هدف بررسي تاثير استفادهاز پودر لارو سوسك زرد آرد Tenebrio molitor، غني شده با مخمرو يا باكتري درجيره­ي غذاييمرغ‌هاي تخم­گذار بهعنوان جايگزين بخشي از ذرت و سويا، بر عملكرد و صفات كيفي تخم‌مرغ انجام شد. دراين آزمايش از 180 قطعه مرغ تخم­گذار نژاد لوهمن سفيد Lohmann LSL-Lite در سن 68 هفته­اي با 5 تيمار و 6 تكرار و هر تكرار حاوي 6 مرغبه مدت 8 هفته انجام شد. تيمارهاي آزمايشي شامل 1) سطح صفر درصد پودر ميلورم به عنوانتيمار شاهد 2) جيره حاوي دو درصد ميلورم 3) جيره­هاي حاوي دو درصد ميلورم به همراهباكتري 4) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه مخمر 5) دو درصد ميلورم به همراه باكتري و مخمرغني سازي شدند.

  AbstractOne of the oldest traditional crops is fig (Ficus carica L.) tree that extensive present in several countries around the Mediterranean basin. Iran is the important centers of publishing and distribution of many plant species. Thus, Knowledge of fig genetic diversity is so important. The present study was done to investigate the genetic diversity of 147 fig genotypes in west of Iran by using morphological traits and ISSR and SCoT markers. Genotypes were collected from 25 regions in the provinces of Kermanshah, Kordestan and Ilam. In morphological part, genotypes in terms of 58 traits related to characteristics of tree, leave and fruit were studied. The results of cluster analysis based on the morphological traits divided the genotypes into five groups. Principal component analysis, divided the genotypes into five groups. Factor analysis results showed that 18 factors justified about 75.62% of the total variation that the first three factors could be named as leaf and fruit size factor, growth form and factor affecting little lateral lobes. Correlation analysis also showed significant correlations between traits. In molecular studies, 10 ISSR and SCoT primer showed polymorphic. A total of 155 bands were produced by ISSR markers that among which 144 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphic was 92.83%. Also 10 SCoT primers produced 183 bands that 169 bands were polymorphic and the average polymorphism was 90.91 percent. The size of the bands based on ISSR and ScoT markers were varied between 250 to 2200 and 250 to 3007 base pair, respectively. In cluster analysis based on ISSR and ScoT markers, genotypes respectively were evaluated in three and five groups which in some cases were similar with morphological dir=ltr>Keywords: Fig, genetic diversity, west of Iran, ISSR, SCoT

In this thesis, effects of shallow water table depths 60, 80 and 110 cm (irrigation water) and supplemental irrigation on water supply and yield components of three varieties of oilseed rape product (Zafar, RGS003 and hyola) and a Camelina variety, was conducted during two growing seasons, 2014-15 and 2015-16. Experiments were carried out at the research station at Razi University Department of Water Engineering and utilizes existing Lysimeters farm as much as possible all conditions were applied similar to farm conditions in silty clay. Experiments were categorized and analyzed based on the targets and different treatments, in the form of three separate experiments (A, B and C). Shallow groundwater treatments were applied for spring and autumnal planting in June and May in both years, respectively. Underground water was applied by flushing Marriott to plant, which would be taken daily. Also application of supplemental irrigation during flowering and seed were done with observation of 50% of the plant flowering and seed fixation, respectively. The experiment was conducted as Factorial design (1 or 2-factor) based on a completely randomized design. A design represents the water table levels 60, 80 and 110 cm and three varieties of oilseed rape and Camelina in three replications. The results showed that in both years, the highest consumption of underground water to a depth of 60 cm and Minimal use of ground water depth is 110 cm. The situation is very different due to the highly variable rainfall three times plantation. The rapeseed Hyola, showed maximum yield and maximum water use efficiency in the two years of the project in three seasons and in all three levels of the water table. Also in the spring planting season 2015-16 because of using underground water is less than spring planting season 2014-15. In B design, the effect of six supplemental irrigation treatments was performed on plant Camelina ranging from irrigation at flowering stage (40 mm) irrigation at the time of the grain (20 mm) irrigation at the time of the grain (40 mm) irrigation at flowering stage (40) and both at the stage of grain (20 mm) and irrigation in flowering stage (40 mm) and the stage of grain (40 mm) and dry conditions without irrigation in three replications. On average in both years the highest yield was belonged to supplemental irrigation in flowering (40 mm) and seeds (40 mm) for first and second years as 1475 and 2445 kg per hectare, respectively. These treatments, showed a significant difference (5%) in terms of water use efficiency. C design was a plan that has an absolute dry than normal rainfall water has not received any response to drought stress just how different among the genotypes studied. Based on the results obtained between genotypes C significant difference was observed between genotypes in 5% level. In spring cultivation date 2014-15 and 2015-16 and also autumn sowing time in 2014-2015, highest grain yield were belonged to rapeseed Hyola by 1167.67, 1580 and 1366, respectively. In the opposite, Camelina performance in all three cultivation dates showed lowest yield by 854.43, 867.67 and 867.27 kg per hectare, respectively. According to the results of the project Camelina is more sensitive than other genotype