Mohammad Akbarpour

  Technologies contribute to providing a better

   One of the main questions of our time is how power structures react during times of crisis and what politics governments choose to manage these situations. This study explores how people can survive in extraordinary conditions when they are stuck between life and death in a post-apocalyptic society without hope. Using Giorgio Agamben’s theoretical framework in State of Exception, this study attempts to explore the concept of thanatopolitics as one of the main themes in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, through new lenses to examine the problem of human survival in dystopian settings. This thesis aims to illustrate the novel’s paradoxical concepts of life and death, how humanity becomes fragile in harsh situations, and how survival turns into “bare life” as governance of death is ruling. In the novel, the father and son’s journey is the portrayal of the Agambian state of exception, where survival is the ultimate goal of people at all costs, even by killing each other and taking others’ belongings because humanity is at its minimum level. The father’s selfishness is reflected in his decisio   he puts their safety above other people’s lives by refusing to help them in challenging conditions as his own survival and his son’s, in particular are his ultimate aim. This study thus follows an interdisciplinary approach to shed a new light on the problem of life and death, as explored by McCarthy in a post-apocalyptic world.

This work is the culmination of a journey that would not have been possible without the unwavering support, guidance, and i  iration of many remarkable individuals. At its heart, it is a testament to the love, dedication, and wisdom I have been blessed to receive throughout my life. First and foremost, my deepest gratitude goes to my beloved parents, whose sacrifices and unconditional love have been the cornerstone of all my achievements. Their steadfast belief in the transformative power of knowledge and their tireless efforts to prioritize education within our family have shaped the person I am today. They have taught me the value of perseverance, humility, and curiosity, and for that, I am forever indebted. I would also like to express my heartfelt appreciation to my supervisor, Dr. Ali Taghizadeh, a man of exceptional diligence and precision. His unwavering commitment to academic excellence, paired with his ability to nurture intellectual growth, has been instrumental in transforming me into the researcher I aspired to become. His guidance, patience, and constructive criticism have left an indelible mark on my journey, and for that, I am profoundly grateful. To my teacher, Dr. Naser Maleki, whose wisdom and passion for teaching i  ired me to think critically and embrace practical solutions—I owe a debt of gratitude for the invaluable lessons imparted. His ability to illuminate complex ideas and challenge us to push the boundaries of conventional thinking has been a source of immense motivation and growth. I am equally grateful to Dr. Mohammad Javad Haj’jari, whose unwavering dedication to his students was nothing short of extraordinary. Whether it was resolving our questions or helping us navigate the challenges of academic life, his support and kindness have been a constant source of comfort and encouragement. To each of these remarkable individuals, I extend my sincerest thanks. Their contributions have not only enriched this work but have also profoundly shaped my personal and intellectual growth. This thesis stands as a reflection of their efforts, guidance, and belief in me.   

   Personality and characterization is one of the important tools in story writing that the creator of stories and novels creates his work by using it. And narratology deals with the theoretical study of narrative and explains the meaning of how the event is expressed and deals with the techniques and discovery of the narrative structure in order to achieve a semantic system beyond the text and make the narrative speech or text understandable In general, narrative means anything that tells a story, a narrative has a structure, and the literary term used ti describe the narrative is plot. Plot has a beginning, middle, and end. If any element of the plot is removed' the foundation of the story falls apart, the examination of novels and stories from the perspective of characteriarization and narratology can lead to a greater understanding of the various dimensions of the text and reveal its hidden layers to the reader. This research is based on the theoretical concepts of character and characterization and narratology and analysis and examination and reflection of these two important elements (character and narrative) in the story of Zara Love Chupan by Granghadr Mohammad Ghazi, a talented and masterful writer and translator of the last decade. Pays, and then examines its components. In this story, the main character on whom the story revolves is a shepherd named Qadir, who is in love with a beauty named Zara. In order to reach his love, he went through many problems and dangers and died to reach Janan. Mohammad Ghazi from Baraz Seg Chupan also portrays a memorable character and enriches the atmosphere of his story and gives him a selfless role and becomes the main character of the story with the role of a loyal sidekick. Keywords: Characterization, narratology, narrative speech, Qadir, Zara, Mohammad Ghazi,

  The province of Kermanshah has been subjected to various hazards, with flooding being one of the most significant. Floods have affected the livelihoods of many rural households. Therefore, studying flood management methods is of great importance. Several approaches exist for flood management, with modern management approaches being highly significant. This research aims to examine the factors promoting and hindering the implementation of modern flood risk management approaches in rural areas, particularly in the villages of the Qarasu River basin. The research method is quantitative, descriptive-analytical, using a questionnaire as the tool. The statistical population consists of the inhabitants of the villages in the area. A total of 17 villages with 128 participants are included in the study. Systematic random sampling is used in the villages. The selection criteria for the villages are based on their vulnerability to the 2019 flood. This study seeks to leverage the experiences of the villagers in the Qarasu River basin, who have been affected by floods, to identify the factors influencing flood management in order to minimize damages. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is used for reliability, and expert opinions are used for validity. Finally, using    software and conducting tests for means, correlation, regression, and factor analysis, the results are extracted, and proposed solutions are presented. Regression results indicate that modern management has a higher share of support among rural people compared to traditional management. Thus, the people have more trust in modern management than in traditional management. Factor analysis results show that economic factors, marketing and product evaluation, flood prevention and forecasting, and consultation and training have influenced flood management. Additionally, the Kruskal-Wallis test results show significant differences in economic, social, cultural, and planning management factors among the villages studied. Furthermore, villagers' perspectives on traditional and modern management differ significantly across the villages. Ultimately, it was concluded that flood management is influenced by social, economic, cultural, planning, and economic factors.

   هاي تخريب جنگل ها با هدف ايجاد زغال چون از جمله نگراني هاي مسئولات محيط زيست غرب كشور است. شناسايي تاثيرات و علل اين فعاليت ها ازاهميت زيادي برخوردار است. لذا هدف اين تحقيق بررسي آسيب هاي ناشي از تخريب جنگل هاي بلوط با هدف توليد زغال به چوب در زاگرس در شهرستان سرفيروزآباد استان كرمانشاه است. روش تحقيق پژوهش حاضر با توجه به ماهيت موضوع، كاربردي و توسعه‌اي؛ به لحاظ‌گستره، موردي؛ و از لحاظ روش در زمره‌ي پژوهش‌هاي توصيفي- تحليلي است. در اين پژوهش، جامعه آماري شامل روستاييان شهرستان شهرستان سرفيروز آباد است.از خانوارهاي روستايي به عنوان جامعه‌ آماري استفاده مي‌شود. با توجه به اين‌كه تعداد كل جامعه‌ي آماري، 500 روستا مي‌باشد با استفاده از فرمول كوكران در نهايت تعداد خانوار نمونه 220 نفرانتخاب شدند. روش نمونه گيري تصادفي سيستماتيك است. يافته هاي تحقيق نشان مي دهند كه در بحث اقتصادي فقر، نبود شغل جايگزين، بيكاري و كمي درآمد منجر به گرايش به استفاده از جنگل ها براي توليد زغال چوب شده است. از نظر اجتماعي و فرهنگي بي توجهي مسئولان نسبت به اين مساله، عدم شناخت قانون و عادت به توليد زغال در طي نسل هاي مختلف سبب شده تا توليد زغال ادامه يابد. از نظر زيست محيط شيوع بيماري هاي ريوي، نابودي جنگل ها، الودگي هوا و آلودگي خاك آب از نتابج آن است. نتايج تحليل عاملي نشان مي دهند كه كمبود زيرساخت هاي رفاهي و توسعه، نابودي جنگل ها، كمبود شغل، عوامل بهداشتي و قانوني از علل تخريب جنگل ها و گرايش به توليد زغال هستند و يافته هاي رگسيون نشان مي دهند كه از بين عوامل اثرگذار در بين متغير ها ،متغير كمي درآمد مهم ترين عامل انگيزه توليد زغال در ميان روستاييان است   بعد از آن عامل كم بودن هزينه توليد و در آخر عادت به توليد زغال   قراردارد. در نهايت با توجه به فعاليت بالاي زنان در امر توليد زغال آنان معتقدند كه زنان فعال در توليد زغال، معتقدند كه انگيزه اصلي تمايل به توليد زغال كاهش توليدات كشاورزي است و بيشتر آنان بيان مي كنند كه از روي اجبار به امر توليد زغال پرداخته اند. كلمات كليدي: زغال چوب، بيكاري، كمي درآمد، انگيزه زنان، شهرستان سرفيروز آباد كرمانشاه                  

Abstract Flood is one of the most common and damaging natural disasters, which causes a lot of human and material losses. The development of cellar aquaculture activity on the banks of the river can have a major role and impact on economic development. The salmon breeding and breeding farm in the lands of the Gamasab river in Gamasab village has been built by private sectors using the water flow of this source. Salmon farming in Hamedan province has attracted the attention of consumers and it can be safely said that it has a lot of demand even in big cities. Numerous floods in Nahavand city and Gamasiyab district have caused a lot of damage to the buildings and facilities of fish farming farms. Is. As a result of the floods of April 2018, the destruction of riverbeds and the high volume of sediment in the riverbeds have challenged the lives of these small creatures, and the damage caused to 80% of the fish farms that have been destroyed or damaged is hundreds of billions of Tomans. The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the damage caused by flood on fish farmers and to provide solutions to reduce it in Gamasiab village, central part of Nahavand city. The research method is quantitative, applied and survey. The simple random sampling method in fisheries units of Gamasiab district was 241 native people, 31 villagers, 200 workers, and 10 managers. The reliability of the research was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha of 0.863 and the validity was confirmed by experts in geography and social sciences. Research findings show that in the economic sector, a lot of damage has been done to the pools and the rural economy has been affected by the flood. From the social and cultural point of view, the villages have been involved in migration and evacuation of the villages. Of course, on the other hand, participation and cooperation between villagers has increased. In the factor analysis, it was found that 10 components are effective in flood management. In the regression part, the quality factors of local management, finance, participation in flood management are effective. Also, the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test, gender, age, education status, marital status, income status and housing status have significant differences among fish ponds. Also, the flood has led to the destruction of the village's environment. Key words: floods, losses, damages, farms, fish breeding, salmon   

   شناسايي سطح‌كلي تاب آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي نسبت به خشكسالي به منظورحكمراني خوب روستاها از اهميت و جايگاه خاصي برخوردار است،چراكه با شناسايي و رتبه بندي تاب آوري فرامحلي روستاها،اتخاذاستراتژي هاي مديريتي متناسب براي كاهش آسيب هاي ناشي از خشكسالي ميسر مي گردد.هدف كلي اين تحقيق ارزيابي تاب آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي بخش شاهو شهرستان روانسر در مواجهه با خشكسالي است.تحقيق كمي حاضر به لحاظ ماهيت از نوع كاربردي و از لحاظ روش بررسي از نوع توصيفي-تحليلي است كه به دنبال اولويت بندي تاب آوري فرامحلي بخش شاهو شهرستان روانسر نسبت به خشكسالي با بهره گيري از تكنيك تاپسيس است و سه گام اساسي دارد.داده هاي جمع آوري شده با استفاده از نرم افزار  ، تحليل شدند جامعه اماري تحقيق شامل دو دهستان قوري قلعه و منصور آقايي كه داراي 9 روستا مي باشد با استفاده از فرمول كوكران حجم نمونه 285 نفر تعيين گرديد. براي امتيازدهي و سطح معناداري ابعاد و شاخص­ها از آزمون T تك نمونه­اي و براي ضريب همبستگي و ارتباط معناداري تاب آوري فرامحلي و خشكسالي سكونتگاه هاي روستايي از ضريب همبستگي اسپيرمن وكاي اسكوئر استفاده شده است .نتايج تحقيق نشان مي دهد كه در بين شاخص‌هاي تاب‌آوري فرامحلي سكونتگاه‌هاي روستايي در برابر خشكسالي، بالاترين ميانگين نمرات شاخص‌ها مربوط به روستاي بزگوره مي­باشد و كمترين آن مربوط به روستاي قلعه‌گاه است. همچنين روستاهاي اين دهستان در سه سطح مطلوب، متوسط و نامطلوب رتبه­بندي شدند‌كه روستاي بزگوره شرايط مطلوب­تري نسبت به بقيه روستاها دارند و مابقيه چندان شرايط مساعدي ندارند. كليد واژه: تاب‌آوري فرامحلي،خشكسالي، سكونتگاه هاي روستايي، دهستان هاي قوري قلعه و منصورآقايي شهرستان روانسر

   Having a large number of bird species in all seasons of the year and in most regions, Iran has many capabilities to implement bird watching programs. Villages, as places that are far from the hustle and bustle of the city and close to the pristine nature, have the ability to accommodate and welcome tourists, can benefit from this enjoyable and growing branch of ecotourism. As a unique ecosystem with rich biodiversity, the wetland has many environmental, economic and social functions and values. Every year, a large number of migratory birds that come from different regions of Iran and the world visit Heshilan Wetland for resting and wintering. They choose to spend; This can attract people who are interested in bird watching and watching birds to the wetland and the villages on the edge of the wetland and cause the economic and cultural prosperity of these communities. In the meantime, Heshilan Lagoon as a site for attracting migratory birds has the conditions for the development of rural tourism in the surrounding villages. Therefore, the main goal of this research is the effect of migratory bird attraction areas on the development of rural tourism (case study: villages around the Heshilan lagoon). It is a quantitative, applied, descriptive, analytical research method that uses a questionnaire tool to collect information. The software used is   . The validity of the research was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha (economic, 0.88, social and cultural, 0.84, physical, 0.83, tourism, 0.77) and validity was confirmed by experts in geography, environment and social sciences. The sample size of 256 households was 100 households. The sampling method was systematic random sampling. The findings show that bird watching and incoming tourists have had a positive effect on the economy, society and culture. Also, from an environmental point of view, with the government paying more attention to migratory birds, good environmental opportunities have been created, but pollution, waste, and a lot of garbage were collected in the place. Unfortunately, investment in tourism in the region is limited and the infrastructure is inadequate, which needs attention. The findings from Kruskal Wallis show that there is no significant difference between villages in terms of the impact of bird watching on tourism. Also, Spearman's correlation findings show that there is a significant relationship between bird watching and economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental components. Finally, the regression findings show that the effect on the village environment is the most important strength of bird watching. It is also in the second rank of job creation. In the third place, the reduction of migration has been introduced as the most important effect of bird watching Key words: Heshilan wetland, bird watching, ecotourism, rural tourism

   انسان همواره با توجه به اهداف و فعاليت هاي خود بر محيط پيرامون تأثير مي گذارد. يكي از اين تأثيرات تغيير كاربري اراضي است كه در همه ي كشورهاي توسعه يافته و در حال توسعه به روش هاي مختلفي در حال گسترش است. اين مسئله به صورت چشمگيري توسعه پايدار را تحت تأثير قرار داده است. امروزه تغييرات كاربري اراضي به چالشي مهم براي كشورها، به ويژه كشورهاي درحال توسعه تبديل شده است. در سال هاي اخير با گسترش شهرنشيني و افزايش جمعيت، تقاضا براي تأمين غذا بيشتر شده است. ايران با رشد سريع كلان شهرها مواجه است و در اين بين استان تهران و به ويژه شهرستان شهريار نيز در سالهاي اخير رشد افقي داشته و به سمت پيرامون خود گسترش يافته است. عوامل ديگري مانند سن، دوري يا نزديكي به شهر،مساحت زمين، اقتصادي نبودن كشاورزي و...باعث تغيير كاربري اراضي شده اند. در اين پژوهش با استفاده از روش كتابخانه اي و ميداني به گردآوري اطلاعات پرداخته و همچنين با استفاده از پرسشنامه خود ساخته (با استفاده از طيف ليكرت) به تكميل اطلاعات پرداخته مي شود و   با استفاده از نرم افزار    و GIS ارزيابي و تحليل مي شوند. همچنين با استفاده از روش ضريب آلفاي كورنباخ پايايي و نظر كارشناسان روايي پژوهش مورد سنجش قرار مي گيرد. كليدواژه ها :   كاربري اراضي، تغيير كاربري، اراضي كشاورزي، شهرستان شهريار، دهستان رزكان

  The present study in the field of pragmatics, employs Jonathan Culpeper’s theory of impoliteness (1996 and 2011) to examine the ways of harming the face of women in Iranian cinema of the 1390s. The first aim of this research was to find the different strategies of impoliteness directed towards women. The primary goal of this research was to identify various strategies of impoliteness directed towards women. The second goal was to investigate how the social context influences impoliteness against women. The third goal of the research was to analyze how the patriarchal system is reproduced or criticized considering the strategies of impoliteness. Given the reciprocal relationship between cinema and society, the cinema of the 1390s is considered a reflection of the cultural and social conditions of women in contemporary Iranian society. For this purpose, five films from the cinema of the 1390s were selected as case studies. Finally, based on the analysis according to Culpeper's theory of impoliteness on the extracted dialogues from the selected works, the way language impacts the portrayal of women from different social classes was explained. The findings of this research indicate that among the five strategies of impoliteness, positive impoliteness and negative impoliteness are the most prevalent types used against women in the cinema of the 1390s, with the former more commonly used against women of the middle- and upper-classes, and the second pattern used against women of the lower-class. Additionally, the research shows that in this decade, some works contribute to the reproduction of the status quo, while others critique it.

   معرفي فصل­هاي كتاب كتابي كه فراروي خوانندگان است، نه فصل را دربردارد؛ فصل اول آن به تعريف ادبيات تطبيقي با استناد به تعاريف تعدادي از پژوهشگران اين حوزه ‌مي­پردازد و با تعريف آن دانش از نظر نويسنده اين سطور، پايان مي­يابد. همچنين به حوزه­هاي مختلفي كه اين تخصص در مسير آن­ها حركت ‌مي­كند و موضوعات پراكنده­اي كه به آن علاقه دارد، ‌مي­پردازد. اما فصل دوم در بر دارنده تعداد   فراواني از نوشته­هاي تطبيقي بر گرفته از ميراث كهن عربي است كه اصطلاحي ويژه برايش تعريف كرده يا آن را به صورت روشمند و دقيق بررسي ننمودند، چنانچه متوني كه در اين زمينه از آنان به جا مانده از ارزش فراواني برخوردار است كه در جاي خود بررسي خواهد شد.   به دنبال آن فصل ديگري ‌مي­آيد كه نگارنده در آن در برخي از مباحث مهم در مسير مطالعات تطبيقي عرب در دوران معاصر تأمل نموده است تاجايي كه با حضور مرحوم دكتر محمد غنيمي هلال اين مطالعات تكميل مي­گردد لازم به ذكر است كه هركس در اين زمينه مطالعه كند به جايگاه ويژه ايشان اعتراف مي­كند

  One of the best ways to create development in villages is to plan and invest in the field of rural tourism; and in this regard, tourism events play a key role in the development of rural tourism. This research aimed to investigating the Hamedan 2018 Asian Event and its effect on rural tourism in Hamedan province. In this regard, the available documents and articles related to the Hamedan 2018 Asian Event were examined using the library method. After collecting qualitative data about the Hamedan 2018 Asian Event, these data were qualitatively analyzed in the form of content analysis and its components were extracted. These data were collected and categorized with the help of organizations related to Hamedan 2018 Asian Event (provincial cultural heritage, Hamedan 2018 Asian Event secretariat, governorate, and villages). The instruments that used in this research were interview and grounded theory sampling method. The studied villages included Varkaneh, Darreh-Moradbeik, and Abshineh. The findings of this research showed that by analyzing the content of the participants' answers, 6 main categories including “regional reconstruction, customs, cultural programs, government role-playing, selling products, and religion and religious rituals” were identified in the answers of the participants in the research. Also, in terms of the effects of Hamedan 2018 Tourism Event, the cultural and economic effects were more prominent than others. The pathology conducted in the said event showed that the environmental pollution and the effects of tourists on the beliefs and views of the hosts are among the significant things. According to the findings of this research, it seems that local and regional events and festivals are an opportunity for cultural and economic development in the target areas. Of course, it is very important to pay attention to the damages and threats of these events. The role of the government and people's participation, along with bilateral cooperation, can also solve many related issuesKeywords: Hamedan 2018 Asian Tourism Event, Rural Development, Rural Tourism.

   هدف: يكي از مهم‌ترين گونه‌هاي ادبي كه بيشترين كاركرد را در زمان‌هاي دفاع مقدّس و بعد از آن داشته است، خاطره‌نگاري مي‌باشد. خاطره‌نگاري دوران دفاع مقدّس باعث شده تا مخاطبان دربار? اوضاع مختلف جنگ هشت ساله اطلاعات زيادي را كسب كنند و با مؤلفه‌هاي اخلاقي رزمندگان كه طي اين آثار منتشر شده، آشنا شوند. هدف اين پژوهش، بررسي و معرفي اين مؤلفه‌ها، همچنين نشان دادن نويسندگان اين آثار است. اين اثر مشخصاً متمركز است بر بررسي مؤلفه‌هاي پايداري كتاب نورالدين پسر ايران. روش‌شناسي پژوهش: اين پژوهش از گون? «بنيادي» و با رويكردي «توصيفي _تحليلي» است؛ كه به روش، طبقه‌بندي و تلفيق يادداشت‌ها بر اساس روش تحليل محتوا است. پس از انتخاب موضوع، بيان مسأله، اهداف پژوهش، فرضيه‌هاي پژوهش، تنظيم و تحليل داده‌ها، نتيجه‌گيري به عمل آمده است. و   براي تدوين بحث‌هاي نظري از روش كتابخانه‌اي استفاده شده است. يافته‌هاي پژوهش: در اين پژوهش ضمن تحليل داده‌ها، شخصاً به مؤلفه‌هاي اصلي و اصيل موجود در كتاب نورالدين پسر ايران رسيدم كه بيشتر متمركز است بر وطن دوستي و ارج نهادن به نهاد شهيد و شهادت طلبي و مقاومت در برابر دشمن و دركل ظلم ستيزي در كنار اين موارد توضيحات دقيقي از عمليات جنگي رزمندگان را نيز مي‌شود ديد. نتيجه‌گيري: از پژوهش حاضر مي‌توان به اين نتيجه رسيد كه خاطرات دفاع مقدّس، داراي مؤلفه‌هاي لذت بخش و دردآلود است حتي در مؤلفه‌هاي درد آلود چهر? منفي جنگ نبوده بلكه پايداري مردم ايران و رزمندگان جان بر كف براي پيروزي بر دشمن مي‌رساند و اين مؤلفه‌ها در دوران دفاع مقدّس، ظرفيت و پايداري را در خود دارد و از رزمندگان انسان‌هايي وارسته ساخته و جنگ را براي دفاع از ميهن، مقدّس دانسته‌اند. كليد واژه: دفاع مقدّس، خاطرات دفاع مقدّس، مؤلفه‌هاي پايداري، كتاب نورالدين پسر ايران. كليد واژه: دفاع مقدّس، خاطرات دفاع مقدّس، مؤلفه‌هاي پايداري، كتاب نورالدين پسر ايران.

   The present research is a stylistic study. It takes to analyze comparatively the prose style of J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye (1951) and Helene Cixous’s Inside (1969), in light of Cixous’s theory of “Feminine Writing”. So, this research tries to do a double task, because it will attempt to explode the borderlines of language and literature, which means that more than one time it will come and go between the former and the latter. The researcher focuses on how the stylistic features of language operate in Inside and The Catcher in the Rye. So the analysis of the feminine use of language in the former in comparison with the masculine application of it in the latter is the main job of this research. It is thus that Cixous theorizes that the women’s language and their act of writing are the best spaces (means) of their new existence against the traditionally linear patriarchal discourse. Inside and The Catcher in the Rye are the works of a female and a male author respectively. So, language takes different functions in them, and the main concern of this thesis is to provide a critical analysis of feminine versus masculine roles of language in these novels. Notwithstanding, analyzing these literary texts in light of a feminine theory of writing, the present thesis intends to provide the readers with a chance to read fiction from a feminine perspective. And the main characters of Cixous and Salinger are different in gender, because one of them is a male while the other one is a female.   Keywords: Ecriture Feminine, Medusa, Phallocentrism, Logocentrism, Stylistics, Writing the body

چكيده افسانه، قصه­اي است حاوي سرگذشت يا رويدادي خيالي از زندگي انسان­ها، حيوانات، پرندگان و يا موجوداتي هم­چون ديو، پري، غول و اژدها كه با رمز و راز و گاهي مقاصد اخلاقي و آموزشي توأم است؛افسانه، قصه­اي است كه از زمان­هاي دور درباره شخصيت­هاي ملي- تاريخي و مردمي يا اولياي دين و عارفان و مقدسان، قهرمانان ملي يا وقايعي خاص به جا مانده باشد، كه هر چند پايه­ي واقعي و تاريخي دارد، با نيروي تخيل شاخ و برگ­هايي بر آن افزدوه شده است. رضا خندان مهابادي  و علي‌اشرف درويشيان  دو نويسندة كتاب فرهنگ افسانه­هاي مردم ايران هستند؛ همه نوع باور عاميانه مانند باورهايي كه از مذهب و دين و شرايط طبيعي و يا حتي باورهايي كه از علم و تجربه نشأت دارد در كتاب فرهنگ افسانه­هاي مردم ايران در متن و مضمون افسانه­هاي اين كتاب ديده مي­شود. هدف اين پژوهش، استخراج باورهاي عاميانه در كتاب مذكور است تا نمايان گردد براساس تقسيم­بندي معتبر باورهاي عاميانه در كتاب باورهاي عاميانه حسن ذوالفقاري و ديگر منابع مرتبط با روش مطالعه كتابخانه­اي و فيش­برداري چه تعداد باور عاميانه در اين كتاب­ها وجود دارد. تقسيم­بندي معتبر باورهاي عاميانه كه شامل: زندگي معنوي- زندگي مادي- زندگي اجتماعي- مذهب عاميانه در جستجوي الوهيت مي­باشد كه زيرمجموعه زندگي معنوي دانش عوام- حكمت عاميانه و زندگي اسرارآميز بوده كه دانش عوام شامل موضوعات اعتقاد به اعدادي خاص، سنگ­هاي قيمتي، نجوم، باورهاي عاميانه دربارة حيوانات، موجودات افسانه‌اي و ماورايي و حكمت عاميانه شامل عشق و عاشقي، شكر و كفر، نوع دوستي، حسادت، خساست، طمع، عهد و پيمان، وطن دوستي، وسوسه، اعتقاد به درست بودن راه راست، آبرو، حق و دَين، شجاعت و ترس، ضرب­المثل، بخشش و انتقام، پند و اندرز، معصوميت كودكان، حسرت، رزق و روزي، تعبير خواب، نفوس و شگون، دعا براي گشايش گره­ها، بخت و سرنوشت.و زندگي اسرارآميز شامل: جشن­ها و مراسم هايي كه موقع معين سال انجام مي­شود و جادو است. زندگي مادي داراي موضواعتي مانند: خواب، ساختمان­هاي عمومي، خوراك است و زندگي اجتماعي موضوعاتي مانند: پراندن باز براي انتخاب فرد شايسته، سن قانوني، زن­ستيزي، رسم و رسومات مربوط به مرگ، آداب و رسم و رسومات عروسي، فرزندآوري و فرزندپروري، رسومات مسافرت و وجدان مي­باشد. مذهب عاميانه موضوعاتي مانند: غضب، لعن و نفرين را شامل مي­شود. و مذهب عاميانه در جستجوي الوهيت شامل موضوعات اعتقاد به جهان ديگر، حلال و حرام، گناه و ثواب، فاتحه، خدا و فرشتگان، پيامبران و امامان، نماز، نذر،روزه، كافر، معجزه، عبادات و اعتقادات مذهبي، كتاب­هاي آسماني، زيارت و قسم و سوگند مي­باشد؛ كه در حد توان نگارنده همه اشاره­هاي مستقيم به موضوعات فوق را در افسانه­ها و قصه­هاي كتاب مذكور يافته و نگاشته است. نتايج به­دست آمده نمايانگر اين مطلب است كه اكثر باورهاي عاميانه در كتاب­هاي مذكور وجود دارد؛ هرچند برخي از لحاظ كميت تعداد بيشتري وجود دارد. بالاترين باور عاميانه مربوط به مؤلفه جادو است؛ چرا كه همان­طور از نام آن پيداست، جادو برترين مؤلفه خرافات است. كليد واژگان: باورهاي عاميانه، فولكلور، فرهنگ افسانه­هاي مردم ايران، رضا خندان، علي اشرف درويشيان   

   The use of cyberspace in the new era has become pervasive in all management matters and one of the parts that can be used more properly in this context is rural areas. Today, statistics in the communication and information technology system show that the Internet has a significant influence in rural areas which is increasing worldwide. Smartening of rural areas means the useful use of communication and information tools in order to facilitate the provision of services to the community, smartening rural areas means using useful communication and information tools to facilitate the provision of services to the community, this measure is now being provided efficiently in many European countries. Successful experiences in the field of intelligence have also taken place in Asia, and the results obtained from these experiences are a window of hope to improve life in rural areas and repair the problems that have arisen, and to prevent the disruption of social structures of villages and to deal with the phenomenon of rural evasion. And somehow it can be claimed that with the improvement of information technology and smartening of villages, the quality of life of villagers improves. This thesis was a review of the current situation and planning for the smartening of villages in the Kalar County of Sulaimaniyah province, Iraq. To conduct this research, a descriptive method based on comparative analysis was used, and field method and questionnaire tools will be used to collect information and the data. To conduct this research, a descriptive method based on comparative analysis was used, and field method and questionnaire tools were used to collect information and data. The statistical population of the study was four rural districts of Kalar county, from which three villages were selected by simple random sampling and in total using Cochran's formula with an error of 5%. From a total of 262 households in this area and using Morgan table, 151 Samples were prepared to collect information.   And by examining the validity of the questionnaire, the reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed using Cronbach's alpha statistics. The results of this dissertation showed that the existing infrastructure for smartening in the villages of Clare County is in a disproportionate condition. And the level of knowledge and information of indigenous peoples for intelligence in rural areas of Kalar county is in a disproportionate situation and unfortunately Smartening of villages efficiently does not affect the quality of life of indigenous people as it should, And the components that progressive and deterrent the realization of intelligence in rural Kalar does not fit into what is promising.

According to American exceptionalism ideology, United States of America, because of its unique historical context and social and political structures, is assumed superior than other nations of the world. This line of thought has led Americans to believe that they possess the best sets of values and culture. Because of their presupposed supremacy, Americans believe that they have a special mission to lead humanity toward peace and salvation. American literature, as an integral part of American culture, has been more or less under the influence of American exceptionalism ideology. Vonnegut’s Cat’s Cradle and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road as a well-known American post-modern fiction are no exception. The satiric style and critical viewpoint of Cat’s Cradle toward the established American values and religion make it a good text for the study of American exceptionalism ideology. On the other hand, McCarthy’s The Road illustrates a destroyed America which is quite different from the one that we know today, therefore it is worthwhile to study the narrative to see if American exceptionalism ideology still persists in post-America. This research aims to study three features of American exceptionalism which are most prominent in American fiction in the narrative of these novels. These features include: American hero, American journey, and American mission.  

   This study aims to investigate linguistic landscape and language attitude among Kurdish speakers in the west part of Iran. A total of 772 signs were photographed and were later categorized according to the top-down (governmental) versus bottom-up (private sector) distinction in Kermanshah, Sanandaj, and Ilam. Out of these 772 photos, 578 photos were related to bottom-up and 194 photos were related to top-down signs. For the second part of the research, after studying previous studies on language attitudes, the researcher adapted a questionnaire based on two questionnaires which have been run before. After adapting the questionnaire, the process of piloting the questionnaire began. For the purpose of employing a valid and reliable survey, 150 Kurdish native speakers answered the first draft of the survey (50 participants from each city). After collecting the data, the researcher entered them into   . Then, the normality of the data was checked via KS test. Also, the internal consistency of the collected data from the questionnaire was tested via Cronbach’s Alpha tests. The questionnaire was completed based on a six-point Likert scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree as the lowest (1) to the highest point (6).   Then the final version of the questionnaire was distributed between people in target cities. 450 people participated in this part and answered the questionnaires voluntarily. The results of linguistic landscape showed that among bilingual signs, Persian-Kurdish has the highest frequency in Sanandaj, while Persian-English signs are more prevalent in Kermanshah and Ilam. In all of the cities, Persian-Arabic signs have the lowest frequency among bilingual signs. Sanandaj was the only city which Kurdish was dominant in Persian-Kurdish signs. The results of language attitude showed that Kurdish language has a very high social status among people in Sanandaj and Kermanshah and high social status among people in Ilam. Regarding its institutional support, people believed that Kurdish language, though vital and widely used with a positive attitude among its native speakers, requires more institutional support. Regarding Kurdish vitality, the results showed that unlike Sanandaj, Kurdish language may die out in future in Kermanshah and Ilam. And finally the results showed that there were no significant difference between males and females towards their attitude to Kurdish language in Kermanshah and Sanandaj, but there was an obviously significant difference between males and females` language attitude in Ilam. Finally, some suggestions for further research were proposed by the researcher.

The Maze Runner trilogy by James Dashner is the story of a society which is controlled by the ideology of an apparently invisible minor group. In Dashner’s story, when Thomas, the protagonist, and a group of teenagers wake up in a strange spiraling neighborhood, they remember nothing of the outside world, except the strange dreams of a mysterious organization known as W.I.C.K.E.D. It is only by digging into the memories of the past and finding a few signs available in the maze that Thomas can hope to realize why they have come to this place and that they must find an exit from it. In The Maze Runner series, mankind is regarded not only as the subject of cognition but also as a more conflicting arrangement within which he appears. So, in the discourse of Dashner’s novels, mankind becomes aware of his limitations and endings. Therefore, the argument of this research will be based on a part of Michel Foucault’s philosophy. Foucault argues that while in the modern society rather no cruel punishment is implemented against criminals, punishment often takes different forms of surveillance. In fact, the purpose of this study is to analyze The Maze Runner trilogy in light of Foucault’s theory of discourse. In this regard, this thesis will analyze the main conflict in Dashner’s trilogy, that is, the conflict between power-holders and the subordinate characters who are controlled by them. Following this purpose, this thesis does not assume that power relations in Dashner’s trilogy are equally distributed among the citizens or social classes, but that there is a network of relations among the power-holders which is constantly expanding. In connection with analyzing the subjectivity of the characters, this research takes these power relations as the realization of a vast network that goes deep into the society with which every man is more or less involved. Keywords: Foucault, James Dashner, discourse, power relations, The Maze Runner

Although much research has investigated the impact of burnout on EFLteachers, few studies have considered the difference between teachers’ burnout atpublic schools and private language institutes in Iran and the factors that maycause this syndrome. To address this significant gap, in a mixed methodresearch, the present study examined whether there is any significantdifference between teachers’ burnout in public schools and private languageinstitutes. In this regard, both quantitative and qualitative data collectionand analysis procedures were applied. Quantitative data were collected from 180 teachers working ateither public schools or private language institutes in Sanandaj throughMaslach Burnout Inventory. Also, qualitative data were gleaned throughconducting individual semi-structured interviews with 10 of the participants (5teachers from public schools and 5 instructors from private institutes). The results of independent samples t-testshowed that there were significant differencesbetween teachers of public schools and private institutes in terms of theirtotal burnout score, Emotional Exhaustion, and Depersonalization. However, there was no significant difference between the twogroups of teachers in relation to Personal Accomplishment, meaning that both wereon the same level in burnout subscale. Examining the mean scores indicated thatprivate language institute teachers were in a worse condition than theircolleagues in public schools in terms of burnout. On the other hand, theresults of analyzing the content of the interviews revealed that economicconditions, job security, social status, lack of motivation, and lack of composurewere the main factors contributing to burnout among EFL teachers in privateinstitutes, while lack of motivation and variety in the education process werethe only factors causing burnout amongteachers in public schools. The findings ofthis study placed emphasis on the role of the environmental and motivationalfactors on reducing or increasing burnout among Iranian EFL teachers in publicschools and private language institutes. Finally, some valuable implicationsfor private language institute principals and authorities of Ministry ofEducation are provided and a number of suggestions for further research arepresented.